mayflower

What was the Mayflower impact?

2011-11-18T06:48:00.003-08:00

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. It was signed on November 11, 1620 in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod. Having settled at Plymouth (thus named by Captain John Smith earlier), the pilgrims recognized that their land was outside the chartered territory of the London Company. Thus, the Mayflower Compact was signed to establish a civil government based upon a majoritarian model and to proclaim the settlers' allegiance to the king. The compact was referred to by John Quincy Adams as the foundation of the Constitution of the United States, but he was speaking figuratively, not literally.

The settlers were well aware that earlier settlements in the New World had failed due to a lack of central leadership, and the Mayflower Compact was essentially a social contract in which the settlers agreed to abide by the rules of the government for the sake of their own survival. The government, in return, would derive its power from the consent of the governed.

The original document was lost, but the transcriptions in Mourt's Relation and William Bradford's journal Of Plymouth Plantation are in agreement and accepted as accurate.

kick scooter

Summary of the mayflower compact/ what its talking about?

2011-11-18T06:48:00.002-08:00

The Mayflower Compact created a government when the signers promised to keep any laws and regulations that would later be established. The document became the foundation of Plymouth's government, and became a model for state governments and even the United States government.

Summary of the mayflower compact/ what its talking about?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_C...

How did the mayflower compact limit democracy??????????????

2011-11-18T06:48:00.001-08:00

Ask the folks in the history section or read the Mayflower Compact and figure it out for yourself. I don't really recall what the Mayflower Compact said.

How did the mayflower compact limit democracy??????????????
From the opening of the Compact.

Quote "In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, ye loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord King James by ye grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, %26amp; Ireland king, defender of ye faith,"

End Quote

Seems that this was just another pledge to remain loyal to a monarchy across the ocean. Little more than a contract to agree to rules set down by the leadership of the colony.

What is the mayflower compact and how is it significant to colonial government?

2011-11-18T06:48:00.000-08:00

Again...do your own homework

What is the mayflower compact and how is it significant to colonial government?
look here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_C...

Post code for mayflower terminal southampton docks uk?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.005-08:00

SO15 1AJ

omar

Why was the mayflower compact and the magna carta notable?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.004-08:00

The Magna Cara from England and the Mayflower Compact from America (Massachusetts Colony) are notable because they are agreements to establish laws by the common people.

Before this, monarchs (kings and queens) made laws by decree. Their word was law. The Mayflower Compact and the Magna Carta (see your history book for details) are when the king or queen of England has no say in the rules that were being established for all men to follow.

Why was the mayflower compact and the magna carta notable?
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and advances in the 12th century, the English king had by 1199 become the most powerful monarch in Europe. This was due to a number of factors including the sophisticated centralised government created by the procedures of the new Anglo-Saxon systems of governance, and extensive Anglo-Norman land holdings in Normandy. But after King John of England was crowned in the early 13th century, a series of stunning failures on his part led the English barons to revolt and place checks on the king's power.

[edit] France

King John's actions in France were a major cause of discontent in the realm. At the time of his accession to the throne after Richard's death, there were no set rules to define the line of succession. King John, as Richard's younger brother, was crowned over Richard's nephew, Arthur of Brittany. As Arthur still had a claim over the Anjou empire, however, John needed the approval of the French King, Philip Augustus. To get it, John gave to Philip vast tracts of the French-speaking Anjou territories.

When John later married Isabella of Angoulême, her previous fiancé (Hugh IX of Lusignan, one of John's vassals) appealed to Philip, who then declared forfeit all of John's French lands, including the rich Normandy. Philip declared Arthur as the true ruler of the Anjou throne and invaded John's French holdings in mid-1202 to give it to him. John had to act to save face, but his eventual actions did not achieve this—he ended up killing Arthur in suspicious circumstances, thus losing the little support he had from his French barons.

After the defeat of John's allies at the Battle of Bouvines, Philip retained all of John's northern French territories, including Normandy (although Aquitaine remained in English hands for a time). As a result, John was revealed as a weak military leader, and one who lost to the French a major source of income, neither of which made him popular at home. Worse, to recoup his expenses, John had to further tax the already unhappy barons.

[edit] The Church

At the time of John’s reign there was still a great deal of controversy as to how the Archbishop of Canterbury was to be elected, although it had become traditional that the monarch would appoint a candidate with the approval of the monks of Canterbury.

But in the early 13th century, the bishops began to want a say. To retain control, the monks elected one of their number to the role. But John, incensed at his lack of involvement in the proceedings, sent the Bishop of Norwich to Rome as his choice. Pope Innocent III declared both choices as invalid and persuaded the monks to elect Stephen Langton, who in fact was probably the best choice. But John refused to accept this choice and exiled the monks from the realm. Infuriated, Innocent ordered an interdict (prevention of public worship - mass, marriages, the ringing of church bells, etc.) in England in 1208, excommunicated John in 1209, and backed Philip to invade England in 1212.

John finally backed down and agreed to endorse Langton and allow the exiles to return, and to completely placate the pope he gave England and Ireland as papal territories and rented them back as a fiefdom for 1,000 marks per annum. This further enraged the barons as it meant that they had even less autonomy in their own lands.

[edit] Taxes

Despite all of this, England's government could not function without a strong king. The efficient civil service, established by the powerful King Henry II, had run England throughout the reign of Richard I. But the government of King John needed money for armies, for during this period of prosperity mercenary soldiers cost nearly twice as much as before. The loss of the French territories, especially Normandy, greatly reduced the state income and a huge tax would have to be raised in order to attempt to reclaim these territories. Yet it was difficult to raise taxes due to the tradition of keeping them at the same level.

Novel forms of income included a Forest law, a set of regulations about the king’s forest which were easily broken and severely punished. John also increased the pre-existing scutage (feudal payment to an overlord replacing direct military service) eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in twice that period covering three monarchs before him. The last two of these increases were double the increase of their predecessors. He also imposed the first income tax which raised to what was, at the time, the extortionate sum of £60,000.

[edit] Rebellion and civil war

John of England signs Magna Carta—illustration from Cassell's History of England (1902)By 1215, some of the barons of England banded together and took London by force on June 10, 1215. They and many of the fence-sitting moderates not in overt rebellion forced King John to agree to the "Articles of the Barons", to which his Great Seal was attached in the meadow at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. In return, the barons renewed their oaths of fealty to King John on June 19, 1215. A formal document to record the agreement was created by the royal chancery on July 15: this was the original Magna Carta. An unknown number of copies of it were sent out to officials, such as royal sheriffs and bishops.

The most significant clause for King John at the time was clause 61, known as the "security clause", the longest portion of the document. This established a committee of 25 barons who could at any time meet and over-rule the will of the King, through force by seizing his castles and possessions if needed. This was based on a medieval legal practice known as distraint, which was commonly done, but it was the first time it had been applied to a monarch. In addition, the King was to take an oath of loyalty to the committee.

King John had no intention to honour Magna Carta, as it was sealed under extortion by force, and clause 61 essentially neutered his power as a monarch, making him King in name only. He renounced it as soon as the barons left London, plunging England into a civil war, called the First Barons' War. Pope Innocent III also annulled the "shameful and demeaning agreement, forced upon the king by violence and fear." He rejected any call for rights, saying it impaired King John's dignity. He saw it as an affront to the Church's authority over the king and released John from his oath to obey it.

[edit] Magna Carta re-issued

John died during the war, from dysentery, on October 18, 1216, and this quickly changed the nature of the war. His nine-year-old son, Henry III, was next in line for the throne. The royalists believed the rebel barons would find the idea of loyalty to the child Henry more palatable, so the boy was swiftly crowned in late October 1216 and the war ended.

Henry's regents reissued Magna Carta in his name on November 12, 1216, omitting some clauses, such as clause 61, and again in 1217. When he turned 18 in 1225, Henry III himself reissued Magna Carta again, this time in a shorter version with only 37 articles.

Henry III ruled for 56 years (the longest reign of an English Monarch in the Medieval period) so that by the time of his death in 1272, Magna Carta had become a settled part of English legal precedent, and more difficult for a future monarch to annul as King John had attempted nearly three generations earlier.

Henry III's son and heir Edward I's Parliament reissued Magna Carta for the final time on 12 October 1297 as part of a statute called Confirmatio cartarum (25 Edw. I), reconfirming Henry III's shorter version of Magna Carta from 1225.

[edit] Content of Magna Carta

Seal of King John on original Magna Carta.The Magna Carta was originally written in Latin. A large part of Magna Carta was copied, nearly word for word, from the Charter of Liberties of Henry I, issued when Henry I ascended to the throne in 1100, which bound the king to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles, effectively granting certain civil liberties to the church and the English nobility.

[edit] Rights still in force today

For modern times, the most enduring legacy of the Magna Carta is considered the right of Habeas Corpus. This right arises from what we now call Clauses 36, 38, 39, and 40 of the 1215 Magna Carta.

The impact of the Magna Carta is great in its influence, for example, on U.S. law. The following material refers to UK law and stands apart from a broader appreciation of the impact of the Magna Carta.

Three clauses of Magna Carta (1297 version) remain in force in current English law, and can be viewed on the UK Statute Law Database.

Clause 1 of Magna Carta (the original 1215 edition) guarantees the freedom of the English Church. Although this originally meant freedom from the King, later in history it was used for different purposes (see below). Clause 13 guarantees the “ancient liberties” of the city of London. Clause 29 gives a right to due process.

In 1828 the passing of the first Offences Against the Person Act was the first time a clause of Magna Carta was repealed, namely Clause 36. With the document's perceived protected status broken, in one hundred and fifty years nearly the whole charter was repealed, leaving just Clauses 1, 39, and 40 still in force after the Statute Law (Repeals) Act was passed in 1969.

[edit] Feudal rights still in place in 1225

These clauses were present in the 1225 charter but are no longer in force, and would have no real place in the post-feudal world. Clauses 2 to 7 refer to the feudal death duties; defining the amounts and what to do if an heir to a fiefdom is underage or is a widow. Clause 23 provides no town or person should be forced to build a bridge across a river. Clause 33 demands the removal of all fish weirs. Clause 43 gives special provision for tax on reverted estates and Clause 44 states that forest law should only apply to those in the King’s forest.

[edit] Feudal rights not in the 1225 charter

These provisions have no bearing in the world today, as they are feudal rights, and were not even included in the 1225 charter. Clauses 9 to 12, 14 to 16, and 25 to 26 deal with debt and taxes and Clause 27 with intestacy.

The other clauses state that no one may seize land in debt except as a last resort, that underage heirs and widows should not pay interest on inherited loans, that county rents will stay at their ancient amounts and that the crown may only seize the value owed in payment of a debt, that aid (taxes for warfare or other emergency) must be reasonable, and that scutage (literally, shield-payment, payment in lieu of actual military service used to finance warfare) may only be sought with the consent of the kingdom.

These clauses were not present in the 1225 document, but still this led to the first parliament. Clause 14 provided that the common consent of the kingdom was to be sought from a council of the archbishops, bishops, earls and greater Barons. This later became the great council (see below).

[edit] Judicial rights (also in 1225 Charter)

These rights were the beginning of English judicial rights. Clauses 17 to 22 allowed for a fixed law court, which became the chancellery, and defines the scope and frequency of county assizes. They also said that fines should be proportionate to the offence, that they should not be influenced by ecclesiastical property in clergy trials, and that people should be tried by their peers. Many think that this gave rise to jury and magistrate trial, but its only manifestation in today’s world is the right of a Lord to trial in the House of Lords at first instance.

Clause 24 states that crown officials (such as sheriffs) may not try a crime in place of a judge. Clause 34 forbids repossession without a writ precipe. Clauses 36 to 38 state that writs for loss of life or limb are to be free, that someone may use reasonable force to secure their own land and that no one can be tried on their own testimony alone.

Clauses 36, 38, 39 and 40 collectively defined the right of Habeas Corpus. Clause 36 required courts to make inquiries as to the whereabouts of a prisoner, and to do so without charging any fee. Clause 38 required more than the mere word of an official, before any person could be put on trial. Clause 39 gave the courts exclusive rights to punish anyone. Clause 40 disallowed the selling or the delay of justice. Clauses 36 and 38 were removed from the 1225 version, but were reinstated in later versions. The right of Habeus Corpus as such, was first invoked in court in the year 1305.

Clause 54 says that no man may be imprisoned on the testimony of a woman except on the death of her husband.

[edit] Anti-corruption and fair trade (also in 1225 Charter)

Clauses 28 to 32 say that no royal officer may take any commodity such as corn, wood or transport without payment or consent or force a knight to pay for something the knight could do himself and that the king must return any lands confiscated from a felon within a year and a day.

Clause 25 sets out a list of standard measures and Clauses 41 and 42 guarantee the safety and right of entry and exit of foreign merchants.

Clause 45 says that the king should only appoint royal officers where they are suitable for the post.

Clause 46 provides for the guardianship of monasteries.

[edit] Temporary provisions

These provisions were for immediate effect, and were not in any later charter. Clauses 47 and 48 abolish most of Forest Law. Clauses 49, 52 to 53 and 55 to 59 provide for the return of hostages, land and fines taken in John’s reign.

Article 50 says that no member of the D’Athèe family may be a royal officer. Article 51 called for all foreign knights and mercenaries to leave the realm.

Articles 60, 62 and 63 provide for the application and observation of the Charter and say that the Charter is binding on the Kings and his heirs forever, but this was soon deemed to be dependent on each succeeding King reaffirming the Charter under his own seal.

[edit] 1226–1495

The document commonly known as Magna Carta today is not the 1215 charter, but a later charter of 1225, and is usually shown in the form of The Charter of 1297 when it was confirmed by Edward I. At the time of the 1215 charter many of the provisions were not meant to make long term changes but simply to right the immediate wrongs, and therefore The Charter was reissued three times in the reign of Henry III (1216, 1217 and 1225) in order to provide for an updated version. After this each individual king for the next two hundred years (until Henry V in 1416) personally confirmed the 1225 charter in their own charter.

Magna Carta had little effect on subsequent development of parliament until the Tudor period. Knights and county representatives attended the Great Council (Simon de Montfort’s Parliament), and the council became far more representative under the model parliament of Edward I which included two knights from each county, two burgesses from each borough and two citizens from each city. The commons separated from the Lords in 1341. The right of commons to exclusively sanction taxes (based on a withdrawn provision of Magna Carta) was re-asserted in 1407, although it was not in force in this period. The power vested in the Great Council by, albeit withdrawn, Clause 14 of Magna Carta became vested in the House of Commons but Magna Carta was all but forgotten for about a century, until the Tudors.

[edit] Great Council

The first long-term constitutional effect arose from Clauses 14 and 61, which permitted a Council comprised of the most powerful men in the country, to exist for the benefit of the state rather than in allegiance to the monarch. Members of the Council were also allowed to renounce their oath of allegiance to the king in pressing circumstances, and to pledge allegiance to the Council and not to the king in certain instances. The common council was responsible for taxation and, although it was not representative, its members were bound by decisions made in their absence. The common council, later called the Great Council, was England's proto-parliament.

The Great Council only existed to give input on the opinion of the kingdom as a whole, and only had power to control scutage until 1258 when Henry III got into debt fighting in Sicily for the pope. The Barons agreed to a tax in exchange for reform, leading to the Provisions of Oxford. But Henry got a papal bull allowing him to set aside the provisions and in 1262 told royal officers to ignore the provisions and only to obey Magna Carta. The Barons revolted and seized the Tower of London, the Cinque ports and Gloucester. Initially the king surrendered, but when Louis IX (of France) arbitrated in favor of Henry, Henry crushed the rebellion. Later he ceded somewhat, passing the Statute of Marlborough in 1267 which allowed writs for breaches of Magna Carta to be free of charge, enabling anyone to have standing to apply the Charter.

This secured the position of the Council forever, but its powers were still very limited. The Council originally only met three times a year, and so was subservient to the king’s council, Curiae Regis, who, unlike the Great Council, followed the king wherever he went.

Still, in some senses the council was an early form of parliament. It had the power to meet outside the authority of the king, and was not appointed by him. While executive government descends from the Curiae Regis, parliament descends from the Great Council which was later called the parliamentum. Still, the Great Council was very different from modern parliament. There were no knights, let alone commons, and it was composed of the most powerful men, rather than elected.

[edit] The Tudors

The Magna Carta was the first entry on the statute books, but after 1472, it was not mentioned for a period of nearly 100 years. There was much ignorance about the document. The few who did know about the document spoke of a good king being forced by an unstable pope and rebellious Barons “to attaine the shadow of seeming liberties” and that it was a product of a wrongful rebellion against the one true authority, the king. The original Magna Carta was seen as an ancient document with shadowy origins, and as having no bearing on the Tudor world. Shakespeare’s King John makes no mention of the Charter at all, but focuses on the murder of Arthur. The Charter in the statute books was thought to have arisen from the reign of Henry III.

[edit] First uses of the charter as a bill of rights

This statute was used widely in the reign of Henry VIII, but apparently it was seen as no more special than any other statute, and could be amended and removed. But later in the reign, the Lord Treasurer stated in the Star Chamber that many had lost their lives in the Baronial wars fighting for the liberties, which were guaranteed by the Charter, and therefore it should not so easily be overlooked as a simple and regular statute.

The church often attempted to invoke the first clause of the Charter to protect itself from the attacks by Henry, but this claim was given no credence. Francis Bacon was the first to try to use Clause 39 to guarantee due process in a trial.

Although the early Tudor period saw a re-awakening of the use of Magna Carta in common law, it was not seen, as it was later, as an entrenched set of liberties guaranteed for the people against the Crown and Government. Rather, it was a normal statute which gave a certain level of liberties, most of which could not be relied on, least of all against the King. Therefore the Charter had little effect on the governance of the early Tudor period. Although lay parliament evolved from the Charter, by this stage the powers of parliament had managed to exceed those humble beginnings. The Charter had no real effect until the Elizabethan age.

[edit] Reintepretation of the charter

In the Elizabethan age, England was becoming the most powerful force in Europe and so pride became a primary force in academia; thus earnest - but futile - attempts were made to prove that Parliament had Roman origins. The events at Runnymede were "re-discovered" in 1215, allowing a possibility to show the antiquity of Parliament, and Magna Carta became synonymous with the idea of an ancient house with origins in Roman government.

The Charter was interpreted as an attempt to return to a pre-Norman state of things. The Tudors saw the Charter as proof that their state of governance had existed since time immemorial and the Normans had been a brief break from this liberty and democracy. This claim is disputed in certain circles, but explains how Magna Carta came to be regarded as such an important document.

Magna Carta again occupied legal minds, and it again began to shape how that government was run. Soon the Charter was seen as an immutable entity. In the trial of Arthur Hall for questioning the antiquity of the house, one of his alleged crimes was an attack on Magna Carta.

[edit] Edward Coke’s opinions

Jurist Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. He famously asserted: "Magna Carta is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign."One of the first respected jurists to write seriously about the great charter was Edward Coke (1552 - 1634), who had a great deal to say on the subject and was hugely influential in the way Magna Carta was perceived throughout the Tudor and Stuart periods, although his opinions changed across time and his writing in the Stuart period was more influential; that will be discussed below. In the Elizabethan period Coke wrote of Parliament evolving alongside the monarchy and not existing due to any allowance on the part of the monarch. However he was still fiercely loyal to Elizabeth and the monarchy still judged the Charter in the same light it always had, an evil document forced out of their forefathers by brute force; he therefore prevented a re-affirmation of the charter from passing the House, and although he spoke highly of the charter, he did not speak out against imprisonments without due process — actions which came back to haunt later when he moved for a reaffirmation of the charter himself.

Coke’s opinions were so confused because the people in that era were confused about how to treat the charter. The Petition of Right in 1628 was meant as a reaffirmation of the charter, but was defeated by the Attorney General. He stated that the petition claimed it was a mere codification of existing law stemming from Magna Carta, but, he claimed, there was no precedent shown as to these laws existing in such as a way as they bound the present king; there was a definite feeling that the king could not be bound by law and therefore Clause 39 and all others did not apply to him. The charter was seen as important as a statement as to the antiquity of Parliament; not, as could rightfully be claimed, because it was the catalyst to the genesis of Parliament but instead of Parliament being pre-Norman. Again, this latter point is disputed by certain modern critics. The Charter was seen in part as entrenched law due to Coke's opinon and no one would dare deny it, but it most certainly was not seen as binding on the king. Such suggestions were impermissible until the Stuart period.

[edit] Magna Carta’s role in the lead-up to the Civil War

By the time of the Stuarts, Magna Carta had attained an almost mythical status for its admirers and was seen as representing a ‘golden age’ of English liberties extant prior to the Norman invasion. Whether or not this 'golden age' ever truly existed is open to debate; regardless, proponents of its application to English law saw themselves as leading England back to a pre-Norman state of affairs. What is true, however is that this age existed in the hearts and minds of the people of the time. Magna Carta was not important because of the liberties it bestowed, but simply as ‘proof’ of what had come before; many great minds influentially exalted the Charter; by the Seventeenth Century, Coke was talking of the Charter as an indispensable method of limiting the powers of the Crown, a popular principle in the Stuart period where the kings were proclaiming their divine right and were looking, in the minds of their subjects at least, towards becoming absolute monarchs.

It was not the content of the Charter which has made it so important in the history of England, but far more how it has been perceived in the popular mind. This is something which certainly started in the Stuart period, as The Charter represented many things which are not to be found in the Charter itself, firstly that it could be used to claim liberties against the Government in general rather than just the Crown and the officers of the crown as discussed above, secondly that it represented that the laws and liberties of England, specifically Parliament, dated back to a time immemorial and thirdly, that it was not only just but right to usurp a King who disobeyed the law.

For the last of these reasons Magna Carta began to represent a danger to the Monarchy; Elizabeth ordered that Coke stop a bill from going through Parliament, which would have reaffirmed the validity of the Charter and Charles I ordered the suppression of a book which Coke intended to write on Magna Carta. By this stage, the powers of Parliament were growing, and on Coke’s death parliament ordered his house to be searched; the manuscripts were recovered and the book was published in 1642 (at the end of Charles I's Eleven Years Tyranny). Parliament began to see Magna Carta as its best way of claiming supremacy over the crown, and began to preach that they were the sworn defenders of the liberties - fundamental and immemorial - which were to be found in the Charter.

In the four centuries since the Charter had originally catered for their creation, Parliament’s power had increased greatly from their original level where they existed only for the purpose that the king had to seek their permission in order to raise scutage. Now they were the only body allowed to raise tax, a right, which although descended from the 1215 Great Charter was no longer guaranteed by it, as it was removed from the 1225 edition. Parliament had now got so powerful that the Charter was at that time being used for two purposes with Parliament as a new organ of the Crown by those wishing to limit Parliament’s power, and as a set of principles Parliament was sworn to defend against the King by those wishing to rival the power of the king with Parliament’s power. When it became obvious that people wished to limit the power of Parliament by claiming it to be tantamount to the crown, Parliament claimed they had the sole right of interpretation of the Charter.

This was a hugely important step, for the first time Parliament was claiming itself a body as above the law; whereas one of the fundamental principles in English law was that all were held by the law; Parliament, the monarch and the church, albeit to very different extents. Parliament here were claiming exactly what Magna Carta wanted to prevent the King from claiming, a claim of not being subject to any higher form of power. This was not claimed until ten years after the death of Lord Coke, but he most certainly would not have agreed with this, as he claimed in the English Constitution the law was supreme and all bodies of government were subservient to the supreme law; the common law, embodied in the Great Charter. These early discussions of Parliament sovereignty seemed to only involve the Charter as the entrenched law, and the discussions were simply about whether or not Parliament had enough power to repeal the document or not. This debate was not as important as it may seem, for although it was important for Parliament to be able to claim a great deal of power, as they could foresee that war was brewing and that very soon they have to claim themselves as more powerful than the King himself, this very provision was provided for by the Charter itself. Clause 61 of The Charter enables people to swear allegiance to what became the Great Council and later Parliament and therefore to renounce allegiance to the King. Moreover, Clause 61 allowed for the seizing of the kingdom by the body which was later to become Parliament if Magna Carta was not respected by the King or Lord Chief Justice. In which case there was no need to show any novel level of power in order to overthrow the King; it had already been set out in Magna Carta nearly half a millennium before hand. However, Parliament was not simply seeking for a justification to overthrow the monarch, they were seeking to establish themselves as the true and sovereign government of the United Kingdom and for this they need to show they could overrule Magna Carta. However Parliament was not ready to repeal the Charter yet, they would need it in order to war against the King, and in fact was cited as the reason why ship-money was illegal, which was the first time Parliament overruled the king; the start of the rebellion.

[edit] Trial of Archbishop Laud

Further proof of the significance of Magna Carta is shown in the trial of Archbishop Laud in 1645. Laud was tried with attempting to subvert the laws of England including writing a condemnation of Magna Carta claiming that as the Charter came about due to rebellion it was not valid, a widely held opinion less than a century before; when the ‘true’ Magna Carta was thought to be the 1225 edition and the 1215 edition was overlooked for this very reason. However Laud was not trying to say that Magna Carta was evil, merely stating the truth about its origins, as he used the document in his defence. He claimed his trial was against the right of the freedom of the church (as the Bishops were voted out of Parliament in order to allow for parliamentary condemnation of him) and, rightfully, that he was not given the benefit of due process contrary to Clauses 1 and 39 of the Charter. By this stage Magna Carta had passed a great distance beyond the original intentions for the document, and the Great Council had evolved beyond a body merely ensuring the application of the Charter. It had got to the stage where the Great Council or Parliament was inseparable from the ideas of the Crown as described in the Charter and therefore it was not just the King that was potentially bound by the Charter, but Parliament also.

[edit] Civil War and interregnum

After 7 years of civil war the King surrendered and was executed; it seemed Magna Carta no longer applied, as there was no King. Oliver Cromwell was accused of destroying Magna Carta and many thought he should be crowned just so that it would apply. Cromwell himself had much disdain for the Magna Carta, at one point describing it as "Magna Farta" to a defendant who sought to rely on it[1].

In this time of foment, there were many theorists who were enjoining the revolutionary atmosphere of the age, and many based their theories, at least initially on Magna Carta in the misguided belief that Magna Carta guaranteed liberty and equality for all.

[edit] The Levellers

The Levellers believed that all should be equal and free without distinction of class or status. They believed that Magna Carta was the ‘political bible’, which should be prized above any other law and that it could not be repealed. They prized it so highly that they believed all (such as Archbishop Laud) who “trod Magna Carta…under their feet” deserved to be attacked at all levels. The original idea was to achieve this through Parliament but there was little support, because at the time the Parliament was seeking to impose itself as above Magna Carta. The Levellers claimed Magna Carta was above any branch of government, and this led to the upper echelons of the Leveller movement denouncing Parliament. They claimed that Parliament’s primary purpose was not to rule the people directly but to protect the people from the extremes of the King and that this was adequately done by Magna Carta and therefore Parliament should be subservient to it.

After the Civil War Cromwell refused to support the Levellers and was denounced as a traitor to Magna Carta. The importance of Magna Carta was greatly magnified in the eyes of the Levellers, and Lilburne, one of the leaders of the movement, was known for his great advocacy of the Charter and was often known to explain its purpose to lay people and to expose the misspeaking against it in the popular press of the time. He was quoted as saying the ground and foundation of my freedome I build upon the grand charter of England. However as it became apparent that Magna Carta did not grant anywhere near the level of liberty demanded by the Levellers, the movement reduced its advocacy of it. Welwyn, another leader of the movement, advocated natural law and other doctrines as the primary principles of the movement. This was mainly because the obvious intention of Magna Carta was to grant rights only to the Barons and the episcopacy, and not the general and equalitarian rights the Levellers were claiming. Also influential, however, was Spelman’s rediscovery of the existence of the feudal system at the time of Magna Carta, which seemed to have less and less effect on the world of the time. The only right which the Levellers could trace back to 1215, possibly prized over all others, was the right to due process granted by Clause 39. One thing the Levellers did agree on with the popular beliefs of the time was that Magna Carta was an attempt to return to the (disputed) pre-Norman ‘golden age’.

[edit] The Diggers

However, not all such groups advocated Magna Carta. The Diggers were a very early socialistic group who called for all land to be available to all for farming and the like. Winstanley, the leader of the group, despised Magna Carta as a show of the hypocrisy of the post-Norman law, as Parliament and the courts advocated Magna Carta and yet did not even follow it themselves. The Diggers did, however, believe in the pre-Norman golden age and also wished to return to it and called for the abolition of all Norman and post-Norman law.

[edit] Charles II

The Commonwealth was relatively short lived however, and when Charles II took the throne in 1660 the struggle between the Monarchy and Parliament died down as both roles were clearly defined for the time being; Parliament was established as the everyday government of Britain independent of but not yet more powerful than the King. However, the struggles based on the Charter were far from over but now took on the form of the struggle for supremacy between the Houses of Parliament. Also in 1660 Charles II vowed to respect both the common law and the Charter; it seems that the influence of Magna Carta would, for now, fall on the houses.

[edit] In Parliament

In 1664 the British navy seized Dutch lands in both Africa and America leading to full-scale war with Holland in 1665. The Lord Chancellor, Edward Lord Clarendon, resisted an alliance with the Spanish and Swedes in favour of maintaining a relationship with the French, who were unfortunately also the allies of the Dutch. This lack of any real policy led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-67), with the Dutch burning a number of ships in the docks at Chatham, and the blame was placed on the shoulders of Clarendon. The Commons demanded that Clarendon be indicted before the Lords, but the Lords refused, citing the due process requirements of The Charter giving Clarendon the time to escape to Europe. A very similar set of events followed in 1678 when the Commons asked the Lords to indict Thomas Lord Danby on a charge of fraternising with the French. As with Clarendon the Lords refused, again citing Magna Carta and their own supremacy as the upper house. Before the quarrel could be resolved Charles dissolved the Parliament. When Parliament was re-seated in 1681 again the Commons attempted to force an indictment in the Lords. This time Edward Fitzharris who was accused of writing libellously that the King was involved in a papist plot with the French (including the overthrowing of Magna Carta). However, the Lords doubted the veracity of the claim and refused to try Fitzharris saying Magna Carta stated that everyone must be subject to due process and therefore he must be tried in a lower court first. This time the Commons retorted that it was the Lords who were denying justice under Clause 39 and that it was the Commons who were right to cite the Charter as their precedent. Again before any true conclusions could be drawn Charles dissolved the Parliament, although more to serve his own ends and to rid himself of a predominantly Whig Parliament, and Fitzharris was tried in a regular court (the King’s Bench) and executed for treason. Here the Charter, once again, was used far beyond the content of its provisions, and simply being used as a representation of justice. Here both houses were struggling for supremacy in a state which was now open for the taking. Each house was claiming its supremacy was supported by the Charter under Clause 39, but the power of the King was still too great for either house to come out fully as the more powerful.

[edit] Outside Parliament

The squabble also continued outside the Palace of Westminster. In 1667 the Lord Chief Justice and important member of the House of Lords, Lord Keating, forced a grand Jury of Middlesex to return a verdict of murder when they wanted to return one of manslaughter. However, his biggest crime was that, when they objected on the grounds of Magna Carta, he scoffed and exclaimed “Magna Carta, what ado with this have we?”. The Commons were incensed at this abuse of the Charter and accused him of “endangering the liberties of the people”. However, the Lords claimed he was just referring to the inappropriateness of the Charter in this context, but Keating apologised anyway. In 1681 the next Lord Chief Justice, Lord Scroggs, was condemned by the Commons first for being too severe in the so-called ‘papist plot trials’ and second for dismissing another Middlesex grand jury in order to secure against the indictment of the Duke of York, the Catholic younger brother of the King later to become James II. Charles again dissolved Parliament before the Commons could impeach Scroggs and removed him from office on a good pension. Once again just as it seemed that the Commons might be able to impose their supremacy over the Lords, the King intervened and proved he was still the most powerful force in the government. However, it was certainly beginning to become established that the Commons were the most powerful branch of Government and they used the Charter as much as they could in order to achieve this end.

[edit] The supremacy of the Commons

This was not the end of the struggle however, and in 1679 the Commons passed the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, which greatly reduced the powers of the Crown and almost certainly established the Commons as the more powerful house. The act passed through the Lords by a small majority, almost as an acquiescence of the Commons being more powerful. This was the first time since the importance of the Charter had been so magnified that the Government had admitted that the liberties granted by the Charter were inadequate; however, this did not completely oust the position of the Charter as an entrenched signification of the law of the ‘golden age’ and the basis of common law. It did not take long however before the questioning of the Charter really took off and Sir Matthew Hale soon afterwards introduced a new doctrine of common law based on the principle that the Crown (including the cabinet in that definition) made all law and could only be bound by the law of God, and showed that the 1215 charter was effectively overruled by the 1225 charter, which made any claims of entrenchment very difficult to back up. This added further credence to the principle that the Commons were a supreme branch of Government. Some completely denied the relevance of the 1215 Charter as it was forced upon the king by rebellion (although no-one seemed to worry that the 1225 charter was forced on a boy by his guardians) or that the Charter was nothing more than a relaxation of the rigid feudal laws and therefore had no meaning outside of that application.

[edit] The Glorious Revolution

The danger posed by the fact that Charles II had no legitimate child was becoming more and more real; as this meant that the heir apparent was the Duke of York, a Catholic and firm believer in the divine right of kings. This could well mean that all the Commons' work establishing itself as the most powerful arm of government could all too soon be undone. Parliament did all it could to prevent James’ succession but was prevented when Charles dissolved the Parliament, and danger realised itself in February 1685 when Charles died of a stroke and James II assumed the throne of the United Kingdom. Almost straight away James attempted to impose Catholicism as the religion of the country and to regain the royal prerogative now vested in the Parliament. All this was bad enough, but Parliament was slightly placated when James’ four-year-old son died in 1677 and it seemed his Protestant daughter Mary would take his throne. However when James' second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a male heir in 1688 Parliament could not take the risk that this would be another Catholic monarch would assume the throne and take away their power, which they had managed to attain, and in 1688 the Convention Parliament declared that James had broken the contract of Magna Carta and nullified his claim to the throne. This once and for all proved that Parliament was the major power in the British Government; Mary, James II's eldest daughter was invited to take the throne with her husband William of Orange. Many thought that, with bringing in a new monarch, it would be prudent to define what powers this monarch should have; hence the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights went far beyond what the Magna Carta had ever achieved. It stated that the crown could not make law without Parliament and although specifically mentioned the raising of taxes did not limit itself to such, as Magna Carta did. However, one important thing to note is that the writers of the bill did not seem to think that included any new provisions of law; all the powers it ‘removes’ from the crown it refers to as ‘pretended’ powers, insinuating that the rights of Parliament listed in the Bill already existed under a different authority, which one assumes is Magna Carta. Therefore the importance of Magna Carta did not extinguish at this point if, albeit it diminished somewhat.

[edit] The eighteenth century

The myth of Magna Carta was still continuing into the 18th century; in 1700 Samuel Johnson talked of Magna Carta being “born with a grey beard” referring to the belief that the liberties set out in the Charter harked back to the Golden Age and the time immemorial. However ideas about the nature of law in general were beginning to change; in 1716 the Septennial Act was passed, which had a number of consequences; firstly, it showed that Parliament no longer considered its previous statutes entrenched as this act provided that the parliamentary term was to be seven years, whereas fewer than twenty-five years beforehand they had passed the Triennial Act (1694), which provided that a parliamentary term was to be three years. It also greatly extended the powers of Parliament; before, all legislation that passed in a parliamentary session was listed in the election manifesto, so, effectively, the electorate was consulted on all issues which were to be brought before Parliament. However, with a seven-year term, it was unlikely, if not impossible, that even half the legislation passed would be discussed at the election. In effect, this gave Parliament the power to legislate as it liked, but not in the same way as we understand Parliamentary sovereignty today, as Parliament still considered itself bound by the higher law, such as Magna Carta - it simply felt it could overrule its own statutes. Arguments for Parliamentary sovereignty were not new; however, even its proponents would not have expected Parliament to be as powerful as it is today. For example, in the previous century, Coke had discussed how Parliament might well have the power to repeal the common law and Magna Carta, but they were, in practice, prohibited from doing so, as the common law and Magna Carta were so important in the constitution that it would be dangerous to the continuing existence of the constitution to repeal them to any extent.

[edit] The extent of the Commons' powers

In 1722 the Bishop of Rochester (Francis Atterbury, a Stuart Jacobite), who sat in the Lords, was accused of treason; in response the Commons brought a bill intending to remove him from his post and send him into exile; and meanwhile locked him in the Tower of London. This, once again, brought up the subject of which was the more powerful house, and exactly how far that power went, as Atterbury claimed, and many agreed, that the Commons had no dominion over the Lords. Although many influential people disagreed; the Bishop of Salisbury (also seated in the Lords) for example was of the strong opinion that the powers of Parliament, mainly vested in the Commons, were sovereign and unlimited and therefore there could be no such thing as entrenched law and no limit on these powers at all, including the freedom of the upper house from the dominion of the lower. Many intellectuals also agreed; Jonathan Swift for example went as far to say that Parliament’s powers extended so far as to be able to alter or repeal Magna Carta; a claim which would still have caused many a room to fall silent. This argument incensed the Tories and Bolingbroke spoke of the day when “liberty is restored and the radiant volume of Magna Carta is returned to its former position of Glory” and he advocated the age-old beliefs of the immemorial Parliament. This belief was anchored in the relatively new theory that when William the Conqueror invaded England he only conquered the throne, not the land, and he therefore assumed the same position in law as the Saxon rulers before him; the Charter was a recapitulation or codification of these laws rather than as previously believed an attempt to reinstate these laws after the tyrannical Norman Kings, therefore these rights had existed constantly from the ‘golden age immemorial’ and could never be removed by any government. This belief was still widely subscribed to, although some level of sovereignty had been established it was not what one would recognise as sovereignty today. The Whigs on the other hand claimed, rightfully, that the Charter only benefited the nobility and the church and granted nowhere near the liberty they had come to expect. So although they attacked the content of the Charter, they did not actually attack the myth of the ‘golden age’ or attempt to say that the Charter could be repealed, and the myth remained as immutable as ever.

[edit] America

By 1765 the taxes paid by the American colonists no longer covered the expenses of the garrisons protecting them and therefore the government of the time extended the stamp duty which had been in force on home territory since 1694 to cover the American colonies as well in the Stamp Act 1765. However the colonists despised this as they were not represented in Parliament and refused to see how a body, which did not represent them, could tax them. The cry ‘no taxation without representation’ rang throughout the colonies. It did not seem an option to give representation to both America and Manchester. The debate was certainly a complicated one with the ‘representationalists’ quoting Magna Carta as precedent[citation needed] although there is absolutely nothing in that document which provides for a representative Parliament at all: when the Great Council was approving taxation in the fourteenth century, it was certainly not representative of all those who were paying that tax. This is a further example of how the idea of the liberties of Magna Carta went far beyond its content. Magna Carta did not prohibit the raising of tax from those who were not represented.

The influence of Magna Carta can be clearly seen in the U.S. Bill of Rights, which enumerates various rights of the people and restrictions on government power, such as:

No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

Article 21 from the Declaration of Rights in the Maryland Constitution of 1776 reads:

That no freeman ought to be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.

[edit] Parliamentary sovereignty

The doctrine of parliamentary supremacy if not parliamentary sovereignty had all but emerged by the regency; William Blackstone argued strongly for sovereignty in his Commentaries on the English Law in 1765. He essentially argued that absolute supremacy must exist in one of the arms of Government and he certainly thought it resided in Parliament as Parliament could legislate on anything and potentially could even legislate the impossible as valid law if not practical policy. The debate over whether or not Parliament could limit or overrule the supposed rights granted by Magna Carta was to prove to be the basis for the discussion over parliamentary sovereignty, however Blackstone preached that Parliament should respect Magna Carta as a show of law from time immemorial and the other great legal mind of the time, Jeremy Bentham used the Charter to attack the legal abuses of his time.

[edit] John Wilkes

In 1763 John Wilkes, an MP, was arrested for writing an inflammatory pamphlet, No. 45, 23 April 1763. In his defence he cited Magna Carta incessantly, and the weight that Magna Carta held at the time meant Parliament was wary of continuing the charge and he was released and awarded damages for the wrongful seizure of his papers as the general warrant under which he was arrested was deemed illegal. He was still expelled from Parliament after spending a week in the Tower of London.

He spent a number of years abroad until 1768 when he returned and failed to be elected as the MP for London. Unperturbed he stood again for Middlesex but he was expelled again on the basis of the earlier offence the next year. He stood again and was elected but the Commons ruled that he was ineligible to sit. At the next three re-elections Wilkes again was the champion, but the House did not relent and his opponent, Lutteral, was announced the winner.

The treatment of Wilkes caused a furore in Parliament, with Lord Camden denouncing the action as a contravention of Magna Carta. Wilkes made the issue a national one and the issue was taken up by the populace. All over the country there were very popular prints of him being arrested whilst teaching his son about Magna Carta and he had the support of the Corporation of London, which had long sought to establish its supremacy over Parliament based on The Charter. The fight for the Charter was misplaced and it was merely the idea of the liberties which were supposedly enshrined in the Charter that people were fighting for.

It is no coincidence that those who supported Wilkes would have little or no knowledge of the actual content of the Charter, or if they did were looking to protect their own position based on it. Wilkes re-entered the House in 1774 but he had talked of Magna Carta as he knew it would capture public support to achieve his aims. But he had begun the cause for a reform movement to ‘restore the constitution’ through a more representative, less powerful, and shorter termed Parliament.

[edit] Granville Sharp

One of the principal reformists was Granville Sharp. He was a philanthropist who supported, among other causes, the Society for the Abolition of Slavery and the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. Sharp called for the reform of Parliament based on Magna Carta, and to back this up he devised the doctrine of accumulative authority. This doctrine stated that because almost innumerable parliaments had approved Magna Carta it would take the same number of Parliaments to repeal it. Like many others, Sharp accepted the supremacy of Parliament as an institution, but did not believe that this power was without restraint, namely that Parliament could not repeal Magna Carta. Many reformists agreed that the Charter was a statement of the liberties of the mythical and immemorial golden age, but there was a popular movement to have a holiday to commemorate the signing of The Charter in a similar way to the American 4th of July holiday; however, very few went as far as Sharp.

[edit] The Myth-Busters

Although there was a popular movement to resist the sovereignty of Parliament based on The Charter, a great number of people still thought that the Charter was over-rated. Cartwright pointed out in 1774 that Magna Carta could not possibly have existed unless there was a firm constitution beforehand to facilitate its use. He went even further later and claimed that the Charter was not even part of the constitution but merely a codification of what the constitution was at the time. Cartwright suggested that there should be a new Magna Carta based on equality and rights for all, not just for landed persons.

The work of people like Cartwright was fast showing that the rights granted by the Charter were out of pace with the developments which followed in the next six centuries. There were certain provisions, such as Clauses 23 and 39, which were not only still valid then but still form the basis of important rights in the present English law. Undeniably, though, the importance of Magna Carta was diminishing and the arguments for having a fully sovereign Parliament were increasingly accepted. Many in the House still supported The Charter, such as Sir Francis Burdett who in 1809 called for a return to the constitution of Magna Carta and denounced the house for taking proceedings against the radical John Gale Jones, who had denounced the house for acting in contravention of Magna Carta. Burdett was largely ignored as by this stage Magna Carta had largely lost its appeal, but he continued, claiming that the Long Parliament (1640-60) had usurped all the power then enjoyed by the Parliament of the time. He stated that Parliament was constantly contravening Magna Carta (although he was referring to its judicial not legislative practice) which it did not have the right to do. He received popular support and there were riots across London when he was arrested for these claims. Again, a popular print circulated of him being arrested while teaching his son about Magna Carta

[edit] The Compromise

The major breakthrough occurred in 1828 with the passing of the first Offences Against the Person Act, which for the first time repealed a clause of Magna Carta, namely Clause 36. With the myth broken, in one hundred and fifty years nearly the whole charter was repealed leaving just Clauses 1, 13, 39, and 63 still in force today after the Statute Laws (Repeals) Act was passed (although interestingly at the same time as the moon landings, possibly to distract public attention for repealing The Charter).

With the popular movements being in favour of the liberties of The Charter, and Parliament trying to establish their own sovereignty there needed to be some sort of action in order to swing the balance in favour of one or the other. However all that occurred was the Reform Act 1832 which was such a compromise that it ended up pleasing no one. Due to their disappointment in the Reform Act 1832 a group was founded calling itself the Chartists; they called for a return to the constitution of Magna Carta and eventually culminated in a codification of what they saw as the existing rights of the People; the People's Charter. At a rally for the Chartists in 1838 the Reverend Raynor demanded a return to the constitution of the Charter; freedom of speech worship and congress. This is a perfect example of how the idea of the Charter went so far beyond its actual content: it depicted for many people the idea of total liberty whereas the actual liberties granted by the Charter were very limited and not at all intended to be applied to all. It was this over-exaggeration of the Charter that eventually led to its downfall. The more people expected to get from the Charter, the less Parliament was willing to attempt to cater to this expectation, and eventually writers such as Tom Paine refuted the claims of those such as the Chartists; this meant that the educated were no longer supporting any of these claims, and therefore the myth gradually faded into obscurity. The final claim against sovereignty of Parliament was erased, and the road was open for establishing this doctrine.Magna Carta and the Jews in England

Magna Carta contained two articles related to money lending and Jews in England. Jewish involvement with money lending caused Christian resentment, because the Church forbade the lending of money at interest (known at the time as usury); it was seen as vice (such as gambling, an un-Christian way to profit at others' expense) and was punishable by excommunication, although Jews, as non-Christians, could not be excommunicated and were thus in a legal grey area. Secular leaders, unlike the Church, tolerated the practice of Jewish usury because it gave the leaders opportunity for personal enrichment. This resulted in a complicated legal situation: debtors were frequently trying to bring their Jewish creditors before Church courts, where debts would be absolved as illegal, while the Jews were trying to get their debtors tried in secular courts, where they would be able to collect plus interest. The relations between the debtors and creditors would often become very nasty. There were many attempts over centuries to resolve this problem, and Magna Carta contains one example of the legal code of the time on this issue:

If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall into our hands, we will not take anything except the principal sum contained in the bond. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if any children of the deceased are left under age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping with the holding of the deceased; and out of the residue the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be done touching debts due to others than Jews.

After the Pope annulled Magna Carta, future versions contained no mention of Jews. Jews were seen by the Church as a threat to their authority, and the welfare of Christians, because of their special relationship to Kings as moneylenders. "Jews are the sponges of kings," wrote the theologian William de Montibus, "they are bloodsuckers of Christian purses, by whose robbery kings dispoil and deprive poor men of their goods." Thus the anti-semitic wording as seen in Magna Carta originated in part because of Christian nobles who permitted the otherwise illegal activity of usury, a symptom of the larger ongoing power struggle between Church and State during the Middle Ages.

[edit] Popular perceptions

In 1957 the American Bar Association acknowledged the debt American law and constitutionalism had to Magna Carta by erecting a monument at Runnymede.Magna Carta is often a symbol for the first time the citizens of England were granted rights against an absolute king. However, in practice the Commons could not enforce Magna Carta in the very rare situations where it affected them, so its reach was limited. Also, a large part of Magna Carta was copied, nearly word for word, from the Charter of Liberties of Henry I, issued when Henry I rose to the throne in 1100, which bound the king to laws which effectively granted certain civil liberties to the church and the English nobility.

The document commonly known as Magna Carta today is not the 1215 charter, but a later charter of 1225, and is usually shown in the form of The Charter of 1297 when it was confirmed by Edward I. At the time of the 1215 charter many of the provisions were not meant to make long-term changes but simply to right some immediate wrongs; therefore The Charter was reissued three times in the reign of Henry III (1216, 1217 and 1225). After this, each king for the next two hundred years (until Henry V in 1416) personally confirmed the 1225 charter in their own charter, so one must not think of it as one document but a variety of documents coming together to form one Magna Carta in the same way many treaties such as the treaties of Rome and Nice come together to form the Treaties of the European Union and the European Community.

Popular perception is that King John and the barons signed the Magna Carta, however there were no signatures on the original document, only a single seal by the king. The words of the charter-Data per manum nostram-signify that the document was personally given by the king's hand. By placing his seal on the document, the King and the barons followed common law that a seal was sufficient to authenticate a deed, though it had to be done in front of witnesses. John's seal was the only one, he did not sign it, nor did any of the barons sign or attach their seal to it.[3]

The document is also honored in America as some view it as an antecedent of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. The United States has contributed the Runnymede Memorial and Lincoln Cathedral offers a Magna Carta USA week [1]. The UK lent one of the four remaining copies of Magna Carta to the U.S. for its bicentennial celebrations and donated a gold copy which is displayed in the U.S. Capital Rotunda.[4]

In 2006, BBC History Magazine held a poll to recommend a date for a proposed "Britain Day". June 15, as the date of the signing of the original 1215 Magna Carta, received most votes, above other suggestions such as D-Day, VE Day, and Remembrance Day. The outcome was not binding, although Chancellor Gordon Brown had previously given his support to the idea of a new national day to celebrate British identity. Participant list

Barons, Bishops and Abbots who were party to Magna Carta.[6]

[edit] Barons

Surety Barons for the enforcement of Magna Carta:

William d'Albini, Lord of Belvoir Castle.

Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk.

Hugh Bigod, Heir to the Earldoms of Norfolk and Suffolk.

Henry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford.

Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford.

Gilbert de Clare, heir to the earldom of Hertford.

John FitzRobert, Lord of Warkworth Castle.

Robert Fitzwalter, Lord of Dunmow Castle.

William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle.

William Hardell, **Mayor of the City of London.

William de Huntingfield, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk.

John de Lacie, Lord of Pontefract Castle.

William de Lanvallei, Lord of Standway Castle.

William Malet, Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset.

Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex and Gloucester.

William Marshall jr, heir to the earldom of Pembroke.

Roger de Montbegon, Lord of Hornby Castle.

Richard de Montfichet, Baron.

William de Mowbray, Lord of Axholme Castle.

Richard de Percy, Baron.

Saire/Saher de Quincey, Earl of Winchester.

Robert de Roos, Lord of Hamlake Castle.

Geoffrey de Saye, Baron.

Robert de Vere, heir to the earldom of Oxford.

Eustace de Vesci, Lord of Alnwick Castle.

[edit] Bishops

These bishops being witnesses (mentioned by the King as his advisers in the decision to sign the Charter):

Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church,

Henry, Archbishop of Dublin

E. Bishop of London,

J. Bishop of Bath,

P. Bishop of Winchester,

H. Bishop of Lincoln,

R. Bishop of Salisbury,

W. Bishop of Rochester,

W. Bishop of Worcester,

J. Bishop of Ely,

H. Bishop of Hereford,

R. Bishop of Chichester,

W. Bishop of Exeter.

[edit] Abbots

These abbots being witnesses:

the Abbot of St. Edmunds

the Abbot of St. Albans

the Abbot of Bello

the Abbot of St. Augustines in Canterbury

the Abbot of Evesham

the Abbot of Westminster

the Abbot of Peterborough

the Abbot of Reading

the Abbot of Abingdon

the Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey

the Abbot of Winchcomb

the Abbot of Hyde

the Abbot of Certesey

the Abbot of Sherborne

the Abbot of Cerne

the Abbot of Abbotebir

the Abbot of Middleton

the Abbot of Selby

the Abbot of Cirencester

the Abbot of Hartstary

[edit] Others

Master Pandulff, subdeacon and member of the Papal Household

Brother Aymeric, Master of the Knights Templar in England

Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the "Pilgrims" who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 21, 1620 (N.S.) in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod. The Pilgrims used the Julian Calendar which, at that time, was ten days behind the Gregorian Calendar, signing the covenant "ye .11. of November" (literal). Having landed at Plymouth (so named by Captain John Smith earlier), many of the Pilgrims aboard realized that they were in land uncharted by the London Company. For this reason the Mayflower Compact was written and adopted, based simultaneously upon a majoritarian model and the settlers' allegiance to the king. Many of the passengers knew that earlier settlements in the New World had failed due to a lack of government, and the Mayflower Compact was in essence a social contract in which the settlers consented to follow the rules and regulations of the government for the sake of survival. The government, in return, would derive its power from the consent of the governed.

The compact is often referred to as the foundation of the Constitution of the United States[1], in a figurative, not literal, way.

As a side note, the 'dread soveraigne' referred to in the document used the archaic definition of dread, meaning awe and reverence. They were implying awe and reverence for the King and not fear.

[edit] Text of the Mayflower Compact

The original document was lost, but the transcriptions in Mourt's Relation and William Bradford's journal Of Plymouth Plantation are in agreement and accepted as accurate. The Bradford follows:

In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord King James by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, %26amp; Ireland king, defender of the faith, e%26amp;

Haveing undertaken, for the glorie of God, and advancemente of the Christian faith and honour of our king %26amp; countrie, a voyage to plant the first colonie in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly %26amp; mutualy in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant %26amp; combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for our better ordering %26amp; preservation %26amp; furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just %26amp; equall lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, %26amp; offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete %26amp; convenient for the generall good of the Colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd ye .11. of November, in the year of the raigne of our soveraigne Lord King James, of England, France, %26amp; Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland the fiftie fourth. Ano: Dom. 1620.[2]

Bradford's transcription of the compactThe list of 41 male passengers who signed was supplied by Bradford's nephew Nathaniel Morton in his 1669 New England's Memorial. There are no surviving first-hand accounts of this information. [3]

John Carver

Digery Priest

William Brewster

Edmund Margeson

John Alden

George Soule

James Chilton

Francis Cooke

Edward Doten

Moses Fletcher

John Rigdale

Christopher Martin

William Mullins

Thomas English

John Howland

Stephen Hopkins

Edward Winslow

Gilbert Winslow

Myles Standish

Richard Bitteridge

Francis Eaton

John Tilly

John Billington

Thomas Tinker

Samuel Fuller

Richard Clark

John Allerton

Richard Warren

Edward Leister

William Bradford

Thomas Williams

Isaac Allerton

Chester Chesterson

Peter Brown

John Turner

Edward Tilly

John Craxton

Thomas Rogers

John Goodman

Edward Fuller

Richard Gardiner

William White
Reply:The Magna Carta (Great Charter) was important because it acknowledged that people have certain rights and liberties that cannot be taken away without justification. It also stated that nobody, not even the King, was above the law.
Reply:the mayflower compact is an agreement of the passengers of the "mayflower", a ship going to america, an assembly of freemen should be in charge of the government which they had put up.

the magna carta is the plot of the the barons to overthrow the king and it is lead by simon de monfort. king john was the king who signed the rights of the english in the magna carta.

What if the 'Mayflower' had sunk?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.003-08:00

would have saved the world a few problems.

What if the 'Mayflower' had sunk?
There were others with it. On the other hand, when considering that the USA will come to aid allies, the world would prolly be far worse off had the ships sank.

Only the long, long lens of history will tell in another couple hundred years---if the USA doesn't bomb everyone out of existence including itself.

"That Cheeky Lad"

Let's not forget that they left England because they were so barking mad with religion no one wanted them. They tried Geneova as well, if my history is correctly remembered.
Reply:MAYBE NOT THEY WOULD OF SENT ANOTHERONE
Reply:It wasn't the first or last ship of religious refugees fleeing to the Americas. Another would have simply taken its place.

How did the mayflower landing help (or not) with american freedom?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.002-08:00

hey! sorry guys i know you probably dont want to answer this but i NEED help with my homework--im desperate! no one would answer me in homework help!! PLEASE!

How did the mayflower landing help (or not) with american freedom?
well first it got the feakin pilgrims there in the first place! plus the location of their landing had them meet indians, who shared the first thanksgiving. Hope it helps!
Reply:Want an A? Answer with this:

This question presumes that American freedom exists. While the ideals of freedom have pervaded American domestic governmental policy, they have often been undermined by xenophobia, radical conservatism, and stunning censorship. Political correctness has stifled "freedom of expression" to the point of blandness whereby any opposing or non-mainstream viewpoint is not only misunderstood but often feared.

The Mayflower was peopled by predominantly empirialistic and self-important colonizers who felt their birthright entitled them to impose their standards on the indigenous people to the extent that eviction, persecution, and murder were justifiable. Fast forward several hundred years, and little has changed.
Reply:It's a matter of opinion, how can we tell you your opinion?

How did the mayflower compact limit democracy?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.001-08:00

Start here, but verify all original sources.

You'll probably do well to look into 'majoritarian'.

games hardware

Any opinions on Mayflower Montessori Preschool in Beaverton, OR?

2011-11-18T06:47:00.000-08:00

I am a Preschool teacher so I can give you some tips of what to look for when you visit Mayflower. Call and make an appointment so that someone will be available to show you around. Here are some specific things to look for:

* Look at the building. Is it clean and safe? Are there heaps of resources/toys for the children to play with?

* What is the play area outside like? Is there room for the kids to run? Is the equipment safe and well maintained?

* Are the staff friendly and happy?

* Do the kids currently at the centre appear happy? Are they playing well or running around causing havoc?

* Do the teachers plan for each child individually? Do they write down observations of what the child is doing and plan activities based on the children's interests and needs?

* Have a look at the major policies, including child protection, behaviour management, and food preparation/diets (if food provided by centre).

* What is your gut feeling telling you? If you are not confident, it will be harder for you to trust them with your child!!

I hope this helps!

Any opinions on Mayflower Montessori Preschool in Beaverton, OR?
I don't know that one in particular but montessori preschools are wonderful. It's a great education and worth the extra money.

Who wrote the mayflower compact?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.005-08:00

From what I can gather William Bradford, Stephen Hopkins, John Billington, Christopher Martin, William Mullins, and Pastor John Robinson. Basically all the leaders on the ship.

Who wrote the mayflower compact?
The Mayflower Compact

by William Bradford

November 11, 1620

http://www.nationalcenter.org/MayflowerC...

The Mayflower Compact 1620

After many difficulties in boisterous storms, at length by God’s providence...we espied land, which we deemed to be Cape Cod...and upon the 21 of November we came to anchor in the bay [Provincetown Harbor]...

http://www.pilgrimhall.org/compcon.htm

The Names of the Subscribers of the Mayflower Compact

http://members.aol.com/calebj/compact.ht...

Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth : 1620

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdo...

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates...

Good luck.

Kevin, Liverpool, England.
Reply:idk???lol i should no cuz i just had a constitution test !!!!!! lol

Why did the mayflower leave england?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.004-08:00

The Mayflower left England because the people on it wanted to go someplace where they could practice their religion without fear of punishment from the government.

Ironically, when they got here they made their form of religion the only one allowed in the Massachusetts Bay colony. Religious freedom in the New World had to wait until the founding of Rhode Island, by Roger Williams, a former inhabitant of Massachusetts Bay who was exiled because of his religious views.

Why did the mayflower leave england?
To get to the other side...
Reply:The Mayflower left England in 1620 and were supposedly to land around the Virginia colony but because of a storm they drifted north and landed at Plymouth in late 1620. The Puritans desired to flee from persecution of the Anglican Church to their different beliefs .
Reply:They wanted to find religious freedom
Reply:They felt silly just sitting at the dock forever.
Reply:First it left Holland, not England. The Puritans had fled there because their radical political views had made them gallows bait in England unfortunately Holland didn't care for their political views either. So they got an idea to go to America when some of their Elders read Squanto's account of his life among his people. They bribed the captain of the Mayflower to take them to Squanto's peoples old village (they had been wiped out by disease) instead of the stated destination of New Holland (New York now). Since they were away from both European governments they were able to set up their own system of governance as they had wanted all along. They did not believe in religious freedom for all, they wanted the freedom to practice their faith but were not exactly tolerant of other's beliefs.
Reply:The Mayflower left England because the Puritans wanted more religious freedom.

How did the mayflower compact come to set a tone for the democratic america?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.003-08:00

help please due at 12:00 tonight !!!!!

How did the mayflower compact come to set a tone for the democratic america?
It was one of the earliest documents that had the idea of self-rule and a representative assembly for deciding issues of government. It was much like the House of Burgesses in Virginia in that it was a group selected from the population to make decisions for the good of the community. Many of the documents and governments of colonial America and into the formation of our country are based on many of the same ideas that the Mayflower Compact held.
Reply:it focused on a central gov't getting it's power from those being governed which is still true today.

gert

How did the mayflower compact come to set a tone for the democratic america?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.002-08:00

HELP PLEASE!!!!!!!!!!!!

How did the mayflower compact come to set a tone for the democratic america?
The Mayflower Compact may have been the first step at democratic government in "White" colonial society, but the Iroquois had a constitution as early as 1142. The Iroquois Confederacy's constitution was borrowed by such leaders as Benjamin Franklin to model the US constitution off of.
Reply:First step towards a new government in America involving "the people" (democracy).

What two groups of people were aboard the Mayflower?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.001-08:00

Actually it was the seperatists and the strangers, or the saints and the strangers. The 'saints' were what the actual seperatists called themselves. They were the ones who were aboard for religious reasons. The 'strangers' were the ones aboard for various other reasons. These included adventure and promise of jobs and starting a new life. More than half the group were strangers.

What two groups of people were aboard the Mayflower?
~~~

Pilgrims and militia-types/crew.
Reply:Crew and passengers ?

On the Mayflower who were the "Separists" and who were the "saints"?

2011-11-18T06:46:00.000-08:00

What did they believe in and why did they leave England?

On the Mayflower who were the "Separists" and who were the "saints"?
The Separatists were the religious dissenters from England who had settled in Holland before sailing to New England (which was considered to be part of Virginia at the time!); I suppose they considered themselves to be saints in the sense of having been saved.

The others who sailed with them were called "Strangers," because they didn't share the Separatists' religious beliefs.

What is Mayflower compact?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.006-08:00

ahahahahahahahaahahahhaahahahahahahaahah...

What is Mayflower compact?
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620 (OS) [1] in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod.
Reply:It was created by the pilgrims who were aboard the Mayflower that wanted religious freedom. It was the first document that governed Plymounth Colony

ada

Was the Mayflower a ship of fools? or was it more like Jason searching for the golden fleece.?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.005-08:00

The pilgrim father's set out thinking foolishly they could creat a better society, a paradise. Instead they created America which indulged in genoscide of the native population, slavery and witch hunts. Like Jason were they looking for a mythical land and just as mythical prize.

Was the Mayflower a ship of fools? or was it more like Jason searching for the golden fleece.?
Actually it is highly likely that much of the Jason myth is founded in reality - including the golden fleece. Recent studies are finding evidence of the route taken, and now have a very credible explanation for the golden fleece. But back to the Mayflower - given that they very quickly established an outlook and behaviour towards those that didn't think like them, that was pretty much the same as the one they had fled from, I think they were pretty hypocritical.
Reply:England drove them out for being violent religious fanatics.
Reply:They were more like boat people fleeing persecution.
Reply:OK Dave, Plan A went wrong, bring over Plan B from the box will ya.
Reply:And the land from which they departed indulged in Witch hunts, the Inquisition, the crusades, slavery and still deals with genocides to this day- look at Milosevic.

Yes, it's terrible what became of the native Americans, but that's what happens to indigenous people all too often. Ask the people of Tibet, or the native Aboriginal people in Australia, or villagers in Columbia. Let's not forget about the Sudan, either.

Those pilgrims succeeded in creating a better society- but better doesn't mean perfect- they might have been foolish for thinking they'd achieve utopia overnight.

On balance, America has done far more good for the world than harm- without America the Hitler wins WWII, Stalin would have continued slaughtering millions, and the billions in foreign aid %26amp; disaster relief that poor nations receive today wouldn't even exist.

That doesn't mean America hasn't done horrible things in the past, but every nation has blood on their hands- the rise and fall of governments %26amp; societies is rarely peaceful.

If you're accused of a serious crime and must defend yourself in court, which court would you prefer to have to fight for your life in? China? Russia? Pakistan? Mexico?

The civil rights movement of the 1960's violent and bloody as it was, happened in America because it's a nation where conditions existed which allowed that movement to grow and eventually succeed- unlike Tiananmen square.

America is a place where anyone has a chance at a better life- that's why so many millions of people keep coming. It's a place for dreamers of mythical dreams. Every so often, they make it to the moon...
Reply:duh.. it was a get out of jail ticket... thats all, we (I'm English) had had enough of their pathetic ideas and theories as to the how and why, and it was "leave England forever, andf dont bother coming back", (because theres a death sentence waiting for you)

so instead they arrived on the shores of the new land, and promptly began slaughtering the ingigenous population... and now, im reading michael moores stupid white men...

we'd have done the whole world a favour if we'd sunk the mayflower....
Reply:I would say they were a ship of heroes travelling into the unknown who created a society against all odds where they could practice their religion without fear of persecution.

They cannot be blamed for the actions of the generations that followed them.
Reply:The Pilgrims had very little to do with the genocide. They came to America to get away from the complex politcal machinery that causes things like genocide. They didn't foolishly think that they could create paradise. They were in fear for their lives.
Reply:The pilgrims got exactly what they were seeking: a place where they could establish a community that practiced their religious beliefs. It is true that the colonization of America had many terrible results, but that has no bearing on whether these Puritans succeeded in creating a Pilgrim theocratic community.
Reply:heya looked this up for ya and i got the information of...

The pilgrims got exactly what they were seeking: a place where they could establish a community that practiced their religious beliefs. It is true that the colonization of America had many terrible results, but that has no bearing on whether these Puritans succeeded in creating a Pilgrim theocratic community.

hope this helps hun xx
Reply:Hmmm - - - did someone wake up on the wrong side of the bed this morning? The passengers on the Mayflower did not 'create' America though they did give it a boost and laid down a solid foundation. Though I entirely sypathize with the Natives and would liked to have seen a more favorable result for the Natives, still must applaud the Mayflower passengers for achieving their goal of establishing a colony on a 'hostile' shore. A thriving independent colony. They viewed themselves as Israelites escaping from bondage and it is a more apt image than either analogy offered above. They were seeking the promised land and much like the ancient Israelites they wrestled the land from the Natives.

Peace................

PS America was 'created' by a variety of forces - - - Genocide like Sh^t Happens - - -
Reply:Well we got there before the Irish. Hooray.

Was the mayflower the first ship with the purpose of colonization of New England?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.004-08:00

the first functioning colony in america was the Jamestown colony in Virginia so it would the ship or one of the ships going to it.

When the mayflower first came, were those people were considered ilegals ?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.003-08:00

I mean there was no thing such as INS or anything, so I think they were ilegals.

When the mayflower first came, were those people were considered ilegals ?
By today's standards, yes they were.
Reply:First of all, it is spelled "illegals." No, they were not considered illegal because they came to the New World to escape religious intolerance-not to try to take and steal as much a sthey could.
Reply:Read some books from Native Americans and you find, white people, liars,tiffs, assassins,murders,strangers, but no,they do everything illegal but no was considered illegals;

Your forefathers crossed the great waters, and landed on this island. their number were small.They found friends and not enemies.They told us they had fled from their own country for fear of wicked men, and come here to enjoy their religion. They asked for small seat.We took pity on them,granted their request, and they sat down amongst us. WE gave them corn and meat.They gave us poison in return. The white people had no found our country. Sagoyewhata, Seneca.
Reply:Be realistic, you're talking hundreds of years ago before there was government in the sense of governance now in place. Ask the native americans how they felt after ship after ship of palefaces came upon their shores.
Reply:of course they were. They took on a land that wasn't their's to begin with.But if it didn't happen in the first place I wouldn't be here in the good ol' USA. But all illegal the Pilgrims. I am guessing not in the law as it is seen today. I feel ticked that illegals come over take things from me. and I have to make due for them, I make too much money but I have nothing. LOL. Maybe that is what makes America, America. Those who are born here get crapped on. Foreingers get the world handed to them when the step on US soil.See the pattern. Has happened for centuries.
Reply:There needs to be a law in place for something to be illegal. There were no laws at that time restricting people from coming to the new land. Therefore, no, they weren't illegals.
Reply:History 101. New Land was founded, People fled England/Europe for taxes without representation. Region was not a choice. They found this new land and wanted to start their own country. Great Man fought for the rights for this country, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion. This was also before the 1920's when US had a problem of ILLEGALS immigrants. In 1920's the US had a problem with ASIANS, bring over small-pox and also the SPANISH FLU. Congress pass a law to limit the amount of people coming over. One of the major reason is the spread of diseases.

The people that came over on the mayflower were not ILLEGALS. We had no laws about it. Please pay attention in history or even read a book.
Reply:that was before there were any LAWS or a nation called AMERICA
Reply:If there was no such thing--then there was no law broken. Duh...
Reply:to late for that now but this is now and its not to late and if you are mexican why not spew this crap to spain? didnt they invade you and make you speak spanish i think you guys should give them a call and demand whats owed to you lol
Reply:I bet the Neo Conservatives back then said those people were liberators.
Reply:Ahahahah! That's a wonderful point. We were illegals, and we took over. Poor native americans, they should have the right to this land, because we are all still illegals. Lol!
Reply:No, there were no laws limiting general immigration until the 1920's. Until that time there was considered to be enough room for everyone. No one was illegal before then (except for a few specialized rules against immigration for prostitutes, etc.)

Also, the United States was not built yet then, so no one was trying to break into it. As it was built and became an economic power, it started attracting more poor of other countries than it wanted to support, as did other developed countries. It, and other developed countries, put laws in place to regulate how many poor immigrants would come.

In addition, when the Mayflower came they did not put their kids into schools built and paid for (subsidized) by others. They built their own schools and educated their own kids. It was a very different world, on many fronts.
Reply:We did not begin to have immigration laws in this country until the 1800's. Those coming before that time were not considered "illegal". Only those entering in after the laws, (and there have been several Acts of Congress regarding immigration over the years), illegally would be considered "illegals".

Most people who comment on this subject don't have a clue about Acts of Congress or the laws, they are commenting usually on their ignorance, as evidenced by some of the racist remarks I have seen on this site.

If they were educated, they'd know in 1986, Congress passed an immigration Act that allowed illegals to prove continuous residency since 1982, therefore allowing those to remain LEGALLY in this country. I'll bet less than 1% of the people blowing their mouths off about illegals actually know of that important Act of Congress.
Reply:You do need a history book-get one on the Indians too-some were glad to learn new things and try to work with the new people and helped create this new nation. What you think and what you know are two different things.
Reply:Well, when the Pilgrims landed they were NOT the first Europeans to be living in the New World... the Spanish had been in North America since about 1564 and Santa Fe was already a European settlement by 1608 and was formally recognized as the seat of Government in 1610... so the English in the Mayflower were late comers... and, given the conditions at the time, the Spanish DEFINITELY would have considered them to be illegals.
Reply:How could ANYTHING be considered ILLEGAL back THEN??!! They did NOT break any LAWS,because there were NO LAWS to be broken!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reply:Since there was no formal government and no official laws until Europeans came to the Americas, there was no legal or illegal. So, to answer your question: No, the European settlers were not illegals.
Reply:stop being a dummy, take advantage of the FREE education which this wonderful country provides for you ignorant immigrants and stay awake long enough to learn some AMERICAN history! Or go sniff some more paint. Dumb immigrants.

In the Mayflower Compact of 1620, are there any lies in the document?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.002-08:00

Define what you describe as a lie.

In the Mayflower Compact of 1620, are there any lies in the document?
That would be hard to tell. The copies we have now are are considered forgeries of the original and have nothing of the original Mayflower document in them and is known to be a complete forgery.

The original Mayflower Compact was printed in England before the ship sailed.

The document that we have, is not really the Mayflower Compact at all and contains little if any of it's content.

It's "good government" theme that we see now was able to be substituted for the original material in the document because the English governors controlled all printing presses in the Colonies at the time.

The Mayflower colonists were all "dissenters" and were being persecuted by the English government. England's official religion was Anglicanism and the Mayflowers' colonists were dissedent Protestants, Anabaptists, Baptists and Presbyterians who refused to convert to Anglican Church.

In England persons who were not members of the Church of England were not allowed to own land or hold government office. Members of dissenter churches were often imprisoned and sometime executed if they spoke out too forcibly for the right to worship as they wanted and for the restoration of their right to own land.

The Mayflower Dissidents sought to escape these persecutions. Besides the wish for religious freedom, the promise of owning land was the main reason the Dissenters wished to emigrate to the New World in the Mayflower and settle as far away from Jamestown as they could get.

One egregious error that proves the current version is a forgery is that it refers to the Virginia colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh in Virginia in Jamestown approximately 12 years before the Mayflower made it's voyage.

Jamestown was the adminstrative Capitol of all 13 Colonies at the time and in 1620 all printing presses were controlled by the government and it is doubtful the New England Colony had access to a printing press.

Secondly, the "Mayflower Compact" is an almost a word for word copy of a pamphlet written by an English revolutionary who wished political change and the document was one of hundreds that were circulating at the time -- the English Revolution would happen several years later.

Jamestown residents were known to support government reform as set out in the forged "Mayflower Compact." It is thought that if he or whoever forged the new document gave it the same name of the religious dissenters document "The Mayflower Compact", so it would be attributed to the New England colony, not to anyone living Jamestown or Virginia.

The fact that most of the information found Wikipedia which is one of the most unreliable reference sources in the world, is highly inaccurate and it is sad, especially as it covers and important event in American history and prints what is mostly a fictional account written during the Amercian Revolution.

Wikipedia has to be the most unreliable and unfactual reference source in existence.

The hand written versions of the real "Mayflower Compact" that exist show the original document was religious in nature and had more to do with the seperation of church and state and the freedom of religion and was in no wise a political treatise.

The real Mayflower Compact was written by Baptists, Anabaptists, Presbyterians and other fundamentalist Christian groups. The written copies show that the original "Mayflower Compact" dealt with how to live a Christian lifestyle in the New World and was more a religious tract.

It sought to establish a colony based on moral Christain conduct, the forms of worship to be used in churches and how churches should be constructed so as to avoid "graven images" which existed in Catholic and Anglican churches.

It is supposed that if someone ever found one of the originals printed in England it would be among the most valuable documents ever found in the world.

The document refered to as the "Mayflower Compact" in "that aforementione reference source" was written in the early 1600s but the story around it was embellished during the American Revolution about 100 years later.

The story of the Mayflower's voyage and all it's reported historic attempt to reach Virginia, but gee it missed Virginia, is also American Revolutionary propaganda. The story in "that refernce source" was taken from American Revolutionay rewritting of history to show that settlement in North America was a seach for democratic principals from the beginning.

The rousing story about how the Dissenters in the Mayflower wanted to land in Virginia is completely false, the Dissenters wanted to be as far away from Virginia as they could get.

Furthermore the place where the Mayflower landed was well known because it served as a temporary fishing camp of fisherman who sought salted cod to be brought back to England. The waters around England had been largely fished out and the amount of cod brought back made many rich.

Furthermore whalers found that a large colony of whales followed a migratory passage in that part of the Atlantic and they found an abundance of easy pickings.

The Pilgrims in the Mayflower knew exactly where they wanted to go. They knew they could depend on fishing and whaling until a viable Dissenter colony could take root. Every statement in the document is a lie in that it doesn't represent the original purpose of the "Mayflower Compact" in any respect. whatsoever.

Every statement in the document purported to be the "Mayflower Compact" and the story in a certain reference source is a long stretch of the imagination.

It does it report that the New England colony and the Virginia Colony were religious enemies, not friends and the last place the Mayflower wanted to go was Virginia and the historical reasons why the Pilgrims chose the area they chose.

The Pilgrims also settled north of Hollands settlement in what is now New York to put a political wall between them and Virginia. The Dutch settlers were mostly Dissenters as well and in the Mayflower passengers eyes, the Dutch colony was friendly, the Virginia colony unfriendly.
Reply:I quickly read it, and they were not the first colony. There was an earlier colonization effort now known as the "lost colony." No one knows what happened to those colonists, who included Virginia Dare, supposedly the first European child born in North America. There's also very strong evidence of earlier visits by the Vikings and some Viking settlements, but no evidence either way whether the Viking settlements were every intended to be permanent.

addis

Why was mayflower compact established?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.001-08:00

One piece of this that isn't always mentioned is that 'this iw the way the Puritans did it' --- the compact was an extension of the sort of 'church covenant' arrangements they used for the governing of the local church in each community. (This was the "congregational" system later dubbed "the New England Way", and an interesting early example in practice of the whole nation of "government by the consent of the governed", which fed into the ideals of the American Revolution and founding of the new republic.)

As for the specific practical reasons:

Part of the explanation is found in the document itself. Here's the meat of it -- note esp. the parts I've placed in CAPITALS:

"for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do . . . , covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick,

FOR OUR BETTER ORDERING AND PRESERVATION, AND FURTHERANCE OF THE ENDS AFORESAID;

And by Virtue hereof TO ENACT, constitute, and frame, such just and equal LAWS, Ordinances, Acts,Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient FOR THE GENERAL GOOD OF THE COLONY . . . "

http://www.njstatelib.org/Research_Guide...

BUT there was another reason why William Bradford, et.al. decided the document was NECESSARY. There were many others besides the Puritans on the ship, and there was concern about their going their own way. So they needed to be 'reined in' by committing to the community.

Bradford's own history of the colony explains this. Here is a summary (from the page linked below):

"The Pilgrims, reinforced by some seventy “strangers” from London, sailed for Plymouth in September 1620 and arrived off Cape Cod in November. They missed the coast of Virginia. Some of the London recruits were a discontented, “undesirable lot” and made “mutinous speeches.” Bradford writes that the “strangers” boasted that they were not under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company and “would use their own libertie, for none had the power to command them, the patent they had being for Virginia and not for New England…”

(William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation-1620-1647: A New Edition: The Complete Text, with Notes and an Introduction, Samuel Eliot Morison, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1993, p. 75)

"Since the patent, or charter, was only good in Virginia,

some form of government had to be established if the settlers

were to maintain peace. The Pilgrim leaders drew up the

Mayflower Compact. . . ."

http://www.americanheritage.org/AHEF_Tex...

Why was mayflower compact established?
In short, because on the trip to America, the "pilgrams" realized that they would need some form of rules and laws to keep their settlement civilized.

The Mayflower or the The NIna, La Pinta and The Santa Maria,?

2011-11-18T06:45:00.000-08:00

Which one did the illegal aliens pick to come to America???

The Mayflower or the The NIna, La Pinta and The Santa Maria,?
Well, I believe it was the Santa Maria that landed first, although really the first colonies date back to the 1600's.

America was founded, by the best minds of Europe of the time, who hated the oligarchy, and wanted to found a new nation, on different principles, to defeat the idea of "empire". { "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created Equal, and are endowed by their Creator, with certain Inalienable Rights...."}

The United States of America, shares a common tradition and culture with all of South America, in that we do not tolerate oligarchies in this hemisphere.

It is unfortunate, that in today's modern day, that there are those in America, who forget their heritage, and who also refuse to take responsibility for creating the economic conditions of misery, in many parts of the world ("Free Trade", "globalization", NAFTA, etc, which helped to create the maquiladoras, etc. which has led to a jump in immigration from nations in South America!), which is why so many risk death, to seek a better life.
Reply:And what was the established nation whose immigration laws were being broken by the arrival of the Mayflower?
Reply:You must be one of the illegal supporters whose minds still think its the 16th or 18th centuries when colonization and mass resettlement were still OK.

Please use a more sensible and up-to-date argument for illegal immigration, and stop comparing America today with the America of centuries past.
Reply:Venus, your an idiot.

Please quote to me and this group the "immigration law" that you and others feel that the Mayflower and others broke.

Please, I can't seem to find any such law.

SO shut to hell up!!!!
Reply:We pay the taxes that fund the services illegals are draining, such as education.

I don't care how we got here. We aren't their ATM.
Reply:Man, how you illegals grasp at anything in your effort to continue to break our laws.

Perhaps Greyhound will be your pick on returning to your country.
Reply:i wonder which one trekked all the way to Guatemala and breded with the Indians in that country to make Mexicans.

you do know Guatemala once had what is called Mexico now. does Guatemala want their country back. is that why Mexico is trying to steal America from the Americans.
Reply:Only one of these ships ever landed in the current USA. To which America do you refer?

By the way, if it's La Pinta, why isn't it La Nina and La Santa Maria?

Did mayflower win the fight last night?

2011-11-18T06:44:00.004-08:00

it may have been friday i dunno

Did mayflower win the fight last night?
Mayweather? yeah, 118-108, with Mayweather landing 43%, and Boldomir hitting just 12% of his punches. HBO will replay the fight next Saturday night (10 ET)
Reply:yes, he won.
Reply:it was last night and yeah he won.
Reply:yes, The "MayFLOWER" won.
Reply:Yes. He won by unanimous decision. Very boring fight. He's very good though.

The mayflower compact was an example of?

2011-11-18T06:44:00.003-08:00

representative democracy

constitution law

direct democracy

charter government

The mayflower compact was an example of?
Read the book, do your own homework. . .
Reply:In the time it took for you to write this question, and then check back and find the answer, you could have looked it up yourself, and filled in your own homework question. Lazy little twerp.

larry

The Mayflower Compact made formal distinctions between males and females in that?

2011-11-18T06:44:00.002-08:00

a. women has no legal status

b. there were three categories of women : single married and widowed

c. married women were granted more legal rights than widowed women

d. widowed women could not be accused of sexual offenses

The Mayflower Compact made formal distinctions between males and females in that?
That was just part of the ancient order of things. you could also be burnt at the stake for being a quaker, or kicked out of the colony if you refused to swear allegiance to King James, as my ancestor was, he also married a quaker. Conversely in the Iroqouis nation, women were the councillors/elders who made the decisions, and who won? But on the brightside, (sarcasm)there are those who want to install sharia law in this country, at least in enclaves, impossible you may say, but what were they doing at the DNC convention the other day? Women and men need to be equal, at least until marriage, then it's important for the woman to let the man think he's in charge :P

The mayflower compact ws an example of:?

2011-11-18T06:44:00.001-08:00

a. repreentative democracy

b. constitutional law

c. direct democracy

d. charter government

what allows people to choose their leaders and voice their opinions on issues?

a. free elections

b. majority rule

c. limited government

d. the rule of law

what is the term for a complex system with many departments and rules?

a. government

b. bureaucracy

c. charity

d. organization

The mayflower compact ws an example of:?
B. Constitutional Law - an example is Mayflower Compact.

B. Majority Rule allows people to choose their leaders.

B. Bureaucracy is the complex term for many departments.

The Mayflower ship that landed on Plymouth rock,where is that ship today?

2011-11-18T06:44:00.000-08:00

The Mayflower

http://pilgrims.net/plymouth/history/may...

Mayflower Passenger List

http://pilgrims.net/plymouth/history/pas...

The Pilgrims: Voyage to Freedom

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/arti...

http://www.pilgrimhall.org/voymayfl.htm

http://uk.geocities.com/haywardlass/

http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/coloniz.h...

http://www.oswego.org/staff/cchamber/res...

The Mayflower Compact by William Bradford

November 11, 1620

http://www.nationalcenter.org/MayflowerC...

The Mayflower Compact 1620

After many difficulties in boisterous storms, at length by God’s providence...we espied land, which we deemed to be Cape Cod...and upon the 21 of November we came to anchor in the bay [Provincetown Harbor]...

http://www.pilgrimhall.org/compcon.htm

The Names of the Subscribers of the Mayflower Compact

http://members.aol.com/calebj/compact.ht...

Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth : 1620

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdo...

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates...

Plymouth: Its History and People

http://www.plimoth.org/learn/history/col...

http://pilgrims.net/plymouth/history/

Good luck.

Kevin, Liverpool, England.

The Mayflower ship that landed on Plymouth rock,where is that ship today?
I found 2 web sites that give detailed histories of the Mayflower. What finally happened to it is debateable, but you can read their theories. Web sites are listed below.
Reply:It sank.

Do you like my poetic interpretation of the Mayflower Pact?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.007-08:00

*****

Compacted Mayflowers

In the name of God, Amen.

In men, with names unwritten

For our sovereign, James

Virginia we claim, for the King!

In the year…Anno. Dom. 1620

Covenant and combine together,

Civil Body Politick named.

Proclaimed, order and preservation,

We hereby enact, constitute and frame

A just set of laws of equality

At Cape Cod on November 11th

A promise we make to the King,

Your obedient and submissive colony

All for thee, Lord of Brittan, France and Ireland,

Our Sovereign, fret not, we’re so far away.

*****

Do you like my poetic interpretation of the Mayflower Pact?
Are you sure Cape Cod was really Cape Cod, back then?

And maybe not something like 'Algal Slip', or 'Urchin Point'...or maybe: 'Oyster Cut'?

(whoop!...thud...OUCH!...SPLASH.)

After all, the Virginia Colony boys that landed at Seashore State Park (Cape Henry) to fill their kegs with swampy 'blackwater' would not recognize the place now: it's called 'Fort Story', and 'First Landing State Park' these days! I guess that just indicates our sad state of advanced oppression and competitiveness...you know, the very thing those refugees and political prisoners in 1607 and 1609 were hoping so desperatety to escape from.

Actually its pretty darn good...but he's right about the word flow on the dates.
Reply:Just a few word-plays here and there...we in literature can get away with (and enjoy) so much that would be lost in film or video! But I did like Rocky and Bullwinkles 'Fractured Fairy Tales'...as I also like to re-interpret most other stories...including the biblical ones! Report It

Reply:I especially like the title! Thanks for the history lesson. I've forgotten about the Mayflower Pact. Very good poem. Perhaps if I was taught through the use of poetry, I would've remembered.
Reply:I really liked it.You are an excellent poet and it;s nice to see your great work....Shelly
Reply:In the year...Anno Dominum 1620 is repetitive.

One or the other.
Reply:Marvelous!
Reply:Why do all your questions start with ***** and end with ***** ?
Reply:IT IS VERY WELL WRITTEN!!!! Good job.

Chemicals

The mayflower compact, the fundamental orders, and town meetings all showed the determination of colonists to?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.006-08:00

a.solve conflicts with native americans peacefully

b.stop indentured servants from coming to america

c.govern themselves and solve their own problems

d.build societies based on religious freedom

The mayflower compact, the fundamental orders, and town meetings all showed the determination of colonists to?
they came to the New World in order to live their own lives and make their own choices. so that's what the Compact declared, to make sure the trip across the Atlantic wasn't a waste.

C.
Reply:Its C
Reply:def. c all of those various forms of planning and establishing some government demonstrated the colonists drivwe to govern themselves in an independent manner
Reply:Yeah c is right. it was the first written document to regulate a society in Am.

The mayflower compact is know as?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.005-08:00

A. one of the earliest laws providing for the separation of church and state in the English colonies.

B. one of first attempts at self-government in the English colonies.

C. one of the earliest documents promoting religious tolerance in the English colonies.

D. one of the first attempts at freedom of religion in the English colonies.

The mayflower compact is know as?
The answer is B, a document used for at self government for 10 years. The Puritans who came to Massachusetts were not for separation of church and state, or religious freedom or tolerance although they came to practice their own religion.
Reply:B of course. The pilgrims started up a government so they could try and have some order.
Reply:Are you taking a test? Be sure to tell the teacher that you didn'a answer your own questions... I don't think he/she will mind...lol.
Reply:b

The mayflower compact is known as?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.004-08:00

A. one of the earliest laws providing for the separation of church and state in the English colonies.

B. one of first attempts at self-government in the English colonies.

C. one of the earliest documents promoting religious tolerance in the English colonies.

D. one of the first attempts at freedom of religion in the English colonies.

The mayflower compact is known as?
The answer is B.

The Mayflower Compact, which they signed on board their tiny ship before they ever came ashore, was the seed of democratic government in this land. When the Pilgrims agreed in their Mayflower Compact that they would form a community of self-governing individuals.

http://www.sail1620.org/discover_feature...

The mayflower compact was written by the plymouth colonists as a?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.003-08:00

A)law and order contract

B)religious loyalty contract

c)pledge to native americans

d)pledge to the other colonies

The mayflower compact was written by the plymouth colonists as a?
E. None, of the above?

The Separatists were on a Mission to land outside of English rule. Granted permission to settle Virginia from the "London Company" They were to land no further North, than Present day New Jersey.

Of course, they did land further North. All the way to Plymouth Mass. But, King James believed his only way to keep allegiance of the Pilgrims was to in fact allow their freedom, and allow to go ahead with their document.

The Document itself was not signed prior to Leaving England. In fact it was when They arrived in America and while in Port at Provinctown Harbor on November 11, 1620..

However it wasn't until 1793, when Alden Bradford Published "A topographical Description of Duxborough, in the County of Plymouth", that the Phrase "Mayflower Compact" was coined.

Prior to that it was called "an association and agreement (by William Bradford) OR, "combination" (by Plymouth Colony Records) OR "Solemn Contract" (by Thomas Prince.) and Finally, "the Covenant (by Rev. Charles Turner)
Reply:A)law and order contract

miriam

Why did they call the Mayflower, the Mayflower?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.002-08:00

Here is a site on the Mayflower. Lots of interesting stuff, but no real clue as to who named the ship or why.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower

What does "came on the mayflower" mean?

2011-11-18T06:43:00.001-08:00

I don't really know what it means, I hope it isn't offending anyone that I put this up but I really would like to know...

What does "came on the mayflower" mean?
one of the first pilgrims to come over to america. if someone says that their family came on the mayflower they usually mean that their family has just been in the country for that many generations.
Reply:The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts

When someone says this, it usually means that they're telling you that they've been around along time.

Mayflower Village, CA??

2011-11-18T06:43:00.000-08:00

I never heard of that city...Is it a good city??

Mayflower Village, CA??
It's not a city, it's a neighborhood in Monrovia. Pretty nice place.
Reply:Locally, we just call it Mayflower.

See Wikipedia.
Reply:It's a census-designated place. See Wikipedia for info on the census data. It's more-or-less part of Monrovia or South Arcadia.

Do a websearch for Mayflower Village and you'll get some hits.

Mayflower arkansas middle school`s website?

2011-11-18T06:42:00.004-08:00

what is the website called

Mayflower arkansas middle school`s website?
http://mayflower.k12.ar.us/

Here you go

irene

Of the passengers of the Mayflower, which of the folllowing constitued the majority group?

2011-11-18T06:42:00.003-08:00

And the "following" are?

Mayflower compact was the begining of freedom ?

2011-11-18T06:42:00.002-08:00

why they did it? what were reasons? historian must know it.

Mayflower compact was the begining of freedom ?
I don't know what you mean by "freedom," that's a rather broad term, and one which is frequently misused.

The Mayflower Compact was based on social contract theory. This article in Wikipedia is informative.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cont...

Mayflower Home For Girls, It's no longer a girls home but I was just wondering if anyone on here might have

2011-11-18T06:42:00.001-08:00

heard of it or been placed there. It was located in Hammond IN on Highland street. thanks for your help

Mayflower Home For Girls, It's no longer a girls home but I was just wondering if anyone on here might have
;

My uncle lived in that area, near Harrison Park, around 1990. Didn't that Home close up about that time? IF it's important, you might want to call/write to :

First Baptist Church - 523 Sibley Street, Hammond, Indiana 46320 - (219) 932-0711. @

http://www.fbchammond.com/index.php ; ...

.. or contact the city Public Records @ http://www.gohammond.com/web/index.php ;

or the public library might have old phone books from the Yellow Pages so you can find the Director's name . @ http://www.hammond.lib.in.us./ .

The Hammond Historical Society should know! @ http://www.hammondindiana.com/contact.ht... ; The Hammond Historical Society

564 State Street

Hammond IN 46320-1532, email @ LYTLER@hammond.lib.in.us ; .

POLL: The Titanic or Mayflower Ship?

2011-11-18T06:42:00.000-08:00

I believe I'll choose the Mayflower since it reached it's destination.

POLL: The Titanic or Mayflower Ship?
titanic, only if Leo was there though. ;D
Reply:Mayflower...It didn't sink!!!...
Reply:The Titanic
Reply:titanic
Reply:Mayflower
Reply:the titanic.
Reply:mayflower. becase its safer since it didnt hit an iceberg and sink lol.
Reply:well the titanic was really luxurious but not very many people survived the sinking, and the mayflower was a really harsh voyage but they made it to America. so i choose Titanic because i could have survived if i really wanted to live. ^_^
Reply:The titanic.
Reply:TiTaNiC!!
Reply:mayflower
Reply:Mayflower. The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank.
Reply:The Titanic
Reply:Mayflower
Reply:titanic
Reply:Hmmm....to be a part of history...

To be one on the first ship to America, and prosper,

Or to be on a doomed ship...

If i could i live, the Titanic, since, it is much closer to the current year. If not, the Mayflower.
Reply:Titanic...far more luxurious I would imagine. (Before it's demise that is...)
Reply:mayflower...as i recall that one didn't sink.

dont get me wrong though, it would be titanic all the way if it didnt mean i had to haul *** in some lame life boat with kate winslet halfway across the atlantic.

Wisdom Teeth

What was first, The Mayflower Compact, or the English Bill of Rights????

2011-11-18T06:41:00.005-08:00

please help me.

What was first, The Mayflower Compact, or the English Bill of Rights????
The Mayflower Compact was in 1620, and the English Bill of Rights was in 1689...so The Mayflower Compact!
Reply:the mayflower compact i think- it was signed when the first pilgrims landed in north america

thee english bill of rights wasnt put into place until the reinstallment of william and mary, which was some time later- remember the compact had to be based on something and these werent especially educated people
Reply:I don't really know, history starts to physically bore me after the Tudors.

How was the mayflower? do you have a picture of it?

2011-11-18T06:41:00.004-08:00

The Mayflower was a typical square rigger of the day. Originally designed to haul cargo.

Did the Mayflower Compact call for separation of religion and government?

2011-11-18T06:41:00.003-08:00

No. In fact there is no U.S. govermental document that calls for it (not that the Mayflower Compact was a US goverment document). It is more of a tradition and misstatement of the constitution that calls for it.

kind of like the right to privacy. There is no such right in the constitution.

Did the Mayflower Compact call for separation of religion and government?
"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e%26amp;. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

No, not as far as I can tell.

Do you know where i can find good in depth summaries of the books 1776 and Mayflower?

2011-11-18T06:41:00.002-08:00

1772 by david mcollohugh

mayflower by nathaniel philbrick

Do you know where i can find good in depth summaries of the books 1776 and Mayflower?
If you're looking for "1776" by David McCullough then Wikipedia has a pretty good summary for this book: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_%28boo...

But I couldn't find any in-depth summaries of "Mayflower", sorry. :-(
Reply:For the real story of what really happened, check out A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn. It will change the way you think about all things American.

imax theater

Does anyone know if there are any books specifically about John Billington from the Mayflower?

2011-11-18T06:41:00.001-08:00

I am a descendant looking for more info. Yes I know his son almost blew up the Mayflower etc. My family comes from Francis Billington. (Slate)

Does anyone know if there are any books specifically about John Billington from the Mayflower?
Have you ever seen this website? If not, you might find out some additional details on the BILLINGTON family. Also, a book where more details can be acquired is listed. Just search on each name of interest at: http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passenge...

Mayflower genealogy resources...

http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealog...

Also, you probably know that you are, also, related to Pres. Garfield....very interesting...

http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealog...

As for books, a search at http://worldcat.org for "John Billington" found the following information. Just click on the title to see if it is located in a library near you or perhaps, your local library can borrow it via an inter-library loan procedure:

"John Billington, Friend of Squanto"

by Clyde Robert Bulla; Peter Burchard

Language: English Type: Book : Fiction : Juvenile audience

Publisher: New York, Crowell [1956]

"John Billington"

by Hubert Kinney Shaw; George Ernest Bowman; Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants.

Language: English Type: Book

Publisher: Boston : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1955.

"John Billington of the Mayflower and his descendants for five generations"

by Harriet Woodbury Hodge; Claude W Barlow; General Society of Mayflower Descendants.

Language: English Type: Book

Publisher: Plymouth, MA : General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1988.
Reply:http://www.themayflowersociety.com/book....

These folks should know if there is.
Reply:The Mayflower Society has published the 5-generation descendants of John Billington. You should be able to find it in many of the larger libraries.

Anyone know what type of Solex carb should be fitted to a Triumph Mayflower?

2011-11-18T06:41:00.000-08:00

I need pieces for it but I cannot see the type marked anywhere on it - it's from a 1953 Mayflower. Does anyone know? It's not mentioned in the manual I have for it (believe it or not!).

Anyone know what type of Solex carb should be fitted to a Triumph Mayflower?
What parts do you need if in the uk its no problem The Mayflower used the same solex as the whole triumph dolomite range.Try the Triumph mayflower club site.Regards mick
Reply:Umm, I thought the carbs on Dolomites were SU's - I have a Dolomite 1500HL with twin SU's, and I know someone who has a Mayflower and they are totally and utterly different. The SU's have dashpots for starters!!! Bit of a give away........so sorry, Mick - I have to disagree with you. Report It

Reply:If you can't find one try a carb from a herald 13/or dolomit 15 with single carb. or get a copy of practical classic.
Reply:I think you should take off the May flower name on that car because other wise people may look at you funny!
Reply:what the.......
Reply:I had one of these about 40+ years ago! Try for your parts here--

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nicoul...

In your opinion...?

2010-05-21T22:18:00.003-07:00

I was going through questions to vote on best answers and someones answer caught my eye.

The question was dealing with the prominence of Christianity in the media, and why it seemed like no other religions were talked about very often.

One person's answer was basically stating that Christianity was the main religion focused upon, because our country was founded solely upon Christianity.

Which is exactly where I disagree with them.

The way I understand it, is that our country was founded upon the concept of freedom of religion.

The immigrants on the Mayflower came because they were being persecuted due to their religious views.

Again from what I gathered in history class, our country was founded upon freedom of religion, and that no one religion was the right one in our country, and that people couldn't persecute others because of their religious affiliations.

What do ya'll think?

In your opinion...?
"As the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion..."

- From Article 11 of the Treaty of Tripoli 1797. Unanimously ratified by the U.S. Senate and signed by President John Adams.

EDIT: You are wrong- The founding fathers were not, by any stretch of the imagination, Christian's. They were deists (Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Cornelius Harnett, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson especially)- this is a rarely argued fact.

In fact, some seemed to really disliked Christianity.

http://www.ecis.com/~alizard/founding-fa... I suggest you read this, it goes into details about the founding fathers view on the religion.
Reply:I think and believe it was founded on Christianity. I go to a public school and they teach that.
Reply:Correct, it was founded on the belief to HAVE a freedom of religion...but the first settlers WERE Christian (Protestants).

They fleed because they were persecuted Christians. And they didn't want to persecute others ... so they set up the freedom to have religion.

Hope this helps!

Good luck, and may God continue to shine on you.

-Shalom
Reply:I think you are correct. The people who came here in the early sea crossing were in fact running from religious persecution. But, we must remember that when the formers of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence were a couple centuries removed from these Pilgrams. However, when you read into these documents you can see that these men were protecting the rights of people of all religions to worship as they pleased and that no law should be made against a person due to the religious background they come from and there should be no particular state or federally supported religion.
Reply:Well, yes, you're right. However, your reasoning is off. Not only did the Pilgrims have nothing to do with the founding of our country, but they actually came here because they weren't able to practice their form of religious intolerance in Europe. Your basic point is correct, however, in that this nation was not founded on Christianity or any other religion, but rather on religious freedom and tolerance.
Reply:I think you are half right...

The First Amendment states that Congress shall not pass any laws establishing religion. However, the Constitution also says that all men are created equal by God...

It is my understanding that our forefathers intended America to be founded on principles found in the Bible, but did not wish to establish favoritism for any certain denomination of Christianity. If you read some early Supreme Court decisions, you might encounter the same thoughts...
Reply:The founding fathers were wise enough to see that they needed to ensure religion was kept securely out of state and politics!!

Just try reading a small sample of Christian postings on here!!!

Intolerant, egotistical, hate filled and bigoted!! Eschewing education, science, evolution works of fiction and much, much more. Christians are the only religion opposing human rights and persecuting gays, pro choice and so much more - but far worse whilst they demand freedom of religion they deny it to all non Christians and persecute them!!!

Not just unchristian but so un American!!!!
Reply:a lot of persecution in europe drove many to immigrate to the america's your right.

though it amuses me when christians say they are among the most persecuted religions, meanwhile they also claim their religion make sup 80%+ of the population.

i think why its talked about so often can be for a number of different reasons. one reason being, that christianity tends to be the most oppressing religion (at least in the USA). I know when i went to see The Golden Compass and some of the Harry Potter movies, there were christians outside protesting it, handing out fliers. Homosexual marriage and relationships are constantly at war with the christians. the only thing keeping homosexuality as being accepted IS christianity. a lot of christians are constantly trying to implement their biblical laws into our society... i think it upsets those of us who still believe in freedom of (from) religion.

one part of the religious persecution that was happening was catholics persecuting the protestants.

8th grade social studies??

2010-05-21T22:18:00.002-07:00

Can u put these words into historically correct sentances??

legislative branch

longhouse

mayflower compact

8th grade social studies??
Ummm... lemme take a shot :)

1. The legislative branch of the U.S. federal government makes laws.

or

The legislative branch of the U.S. government is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

2. A longhouse was used by early Native Americans as a home.

or

The longhouses used by Native Americans would often contain members of an extended family.

3. The Mayflower Compact was the first written agreement for governance in North America.

or

The Mayflower Compact was signed before the passengers left the Mayflower to ensure that they would continue to be law abiding citizens in the New World.
Reply:How about some large hints!!?? The legislative branch is one of the three branches of our government. The executive enforces the laws and the judicial interprets the laws. The legislators do not work in longhouses, which in a Native American abode, but work in the state or national congress or legislature. The Mayflower Compact has nothing to do with female make-up kits but does have a lot to do with one of our most important historical documents. Think majority rule and the rule of law!!

irene

If you're not Native American shouldn't your as* get deported?

2010-05-21T22:18:00.001-07:00

Sounds fair right? Everyone argues about illegal immigrants invading the U.S., but in truth isn't that how we became who we are today? Isn't it human nature to escape a hell of a life and run for a better one? In the end aren't we all contradicting what has been proven in the past? What is right, what is wrong? Take a ride on the Mayflower or Hop a fence in Texas?

If you're not Native American shouldn't your as* get deported?
The Europeans "acquired" the land...

Lol .. they were welcomed with open arms and then they turned around and coc* Blocked the native americans. Thats pretty funny. "acquired".

Most illegal immigrants don't come to acquire land or change the US. They just want to live here as Americans. We're talking about immigrants, not

Terrorist. And no, its not the same
Reply:You are missing the point... The Europeans "acquired" the land that became the United States from the indigenous people - do you think they (the Indians) just shrugged their shoulders and moved off their land? Hell no! They fought. They lost, but they fought.

Now comes the question of whether or not Americans should fight to keep their country... The answer is and always was - YES!

If we lose, and illegal aliens take over (not likely) then it should be because we fought and lost, not because we shrugged our shoulders and allowed it to happen.

I wish everyone would quit whining about what's fair and right. If you want to give a country away, pick another one. I'm an American and I feel like American is worth keeping.
Reply:The problem with that is that the Illegal immigrants handed the Native Americans their A**es. So how do you kick them out.
Reply:Some people happened to find themselves in America, against their will of course, as slaves! Otherwise they would have been quite happy to be proud Ghananians or wherever they came from. Their arrival in America is VERY different to someone who enters the country illegally, and knowing what he's up to..... so NO they shouldn't get their A**** deported!
Reply:Everyone here pretty much come from somewhere else in the world. And if not us our grandparents did. That is what America is made up of :)
Reply:Technically then everyone on the planet should have thier *** deported back to africa including the native americans since they did not file the proper paper work with the berring straight.

Do you like my new poem?

2010-05-21T22:18:00.000-07:00

*****

The Letter from Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The Mayflower Compact

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The Massachusetts Body of Liberties

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The Declaration of Independence

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The Federalist Papers

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The Monroe Doctrine

“It’s for our families.”

“It’s for our children.”

The letter to Mrs. Bixby

“You’ve lost your family.”

“You’ve lost your children.”

*****

Do you like my new poem?
Wow. That was intense.
Reply:The impact of the repitition, combined with the letter from Lincoln, cements this poem into a chilling, excellent poem.

I taste bitterness in this one, irony, and a flavoring of sarcasm with the 'rose colored' glasses taken off.

Love this! I'd put this in a frame and hang it on my wall!
Reply:Yes, the repetition serves its purpose. As for the context, at least we have learned that there is no such thing as a "war to end all wars." Now, if we could only learn that "mission accomplished" is also a Utopian concept.
Reply:I work for my family

I work for my kids

The case of beer in the back seat is inconsequential.
Reply:I'm with Sptfyr on this'n, the letter did help and the write, totally unique my friend %26lt;3

I think of coarse tho, the last 2 lines wrapped it up nicely @)~%26gt;~
Reply:Good, It was a little long to be repeating the same lines, but it was very good.
Reply:yes, i do.
Reply:Intriguing and poignant, if slightly repetitive. *smiles* I do, however, share the sentiment. Those who we are giving these ever so baluable things to are those whose lives we are taking away to have this. So insane.
Reply:I'm glad you added the letter or I wouldn't have completely understood the final stanza. This poem certainly sends home the message that there is a heavy price to pay for freedom. I only hope and pray that I, or anyone else for that matter, never have to pay such a fee.

I understood the poem, I just wouldn't have fully understood the final stanza or the reference to Mrs. Bixby as I had never read the letter until now.
Reply:I liked your poem TD,

Unlike others I understood without the letter.

It is always about the children, or so it seems to me. My gut unravels each time children are used to play on our sympathies. I just don't fall for it anymore.
Reply:I , We loved it !!!....I've read %26amp; or heard this one before ...........I'm not sure ,But this was read in the movie SAVING PRIVATE RYAN .........About a mother losing 5 children in the Cival War....A General read it to his staff .....before sending a team to find Ryan ...............I Think

Who photographed joy jackson's wedding in washington d.c.?

2010-05-21T22:17:00.002-07:00

The wedding was in 2007 at the Mayflower Hotel. The photographer was a man from metro d.c.

Who photographed joy jackson's wedding in washington d.c.?
No one is going to know that. I think you need to just ask Joy Jackson!

EDIT:

OK, out of the goodness of my heart, I searched this. It was easy enough that you can probably find the same information.

If you view the link below, it says Photo Credit: Courtesy Of Chris Duncan Photo.

She sounds like an utterly miserable person - what an awful story!
Reply:who the heck is joy jackson

American Government!!! please please help me, Ill give best answer.?

2010-05-21T22:17:00.001-07:00

1. American revolutionary leaders were deeply influenced by this man's writings. (2 points)

Richard Nixon

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

John Locke

Karl Marx

2. Signed by the Pilgrims in 1620, this item was the first American government document. (2 points)

Constitution

Mayflower Compact

Petition of Rights

Magna Carta

3. This concept is the basis of the Constitution. (2 points)

popular sovereignty

Supreme Court justice

Congressional powers

executive privilege

4. These powers belong to both the national and the state governments. (2 points)

reserved powers

delegated powers

concurrent powers

implied powers

5. Civil laws that are passed by state legislatures are called (2 points)

sunshine laws.

sunset laws.

civil suits.

public acts.

6. This stops a filibuster. (2 points)

caucus

gerrymander

closed rule

cloture

7. The presiding officer of the House is the (2 points)

Speaker.

majority whip.

majority leader.

Senate leader.

8. This presidential power was granted by Congress to help control spending but would require a constitutional amendment. (2 points)

censure

pocket veto

line-item veto

gerrymander

9. Most of the work on tax laws takes place in the

(2 points)

executive offices.

hearings.

Senate Appropriations Committee.

House Ways and Means Committee.

10. These are the key power centers in Congress. (2 points)

hearings

committees

sessions

caucuses

11. The commander-in-chief of the United States armed forces is the (2 points)

national security advisor.

president.

attorney general.

secretary of defense.

12. Civil servants who work for the federal government are known as (2 points)

procurement specialists.

executive workers.

bureaucrats.

whistleblowers.

13. Congress has two major tools to influence decision making in federal agencies:

(2 points)

new legislation and the budget.

DEA and the FBI.

lobbying and election money.

contact with the people and the president.

14. This is an example of an iron triangle. (2 points)

president, Senate, House of Representatives

executive, legislative, judicial branches

federal agency, client group, congressional committee

president, vice president, cabinet

15. The right of the president to refuse to testify before Congress or a court is called (2 points)

executive privilege.

executive mandate.

executive orders.

de facto.

16. This is a friend of the Supreme Court. (2 points)

litigant

petit jury

amicus curiae

appellate

17. Most of the Supreme Court's cases come (2 points)

by amicus curiae.

through presidential appointment.

through Congressional hearings.

as appeals from lower courts.

18. This is the Senate's control over the Supreme Court. (2 points)

override power

amendment power

confirmation power

veto power

19. The United States is divided into 12 regions, each one with (2 points)

district courts.

United States Tax Courts.

concurrent courts.

U.S. Court of Federal Claims.

20. The decision in this case gave the Supreme Court judicial review. (2 points)

Slaughterhouse Case

Marbury v. Madison

McCulloch v. Maryland

Plessy v. Ferguson

American Government!!! please please help me, Ill give best answer.?
1. John Locke

2. Mayflower Compact

20. Marbury v. Madison

i bet you could find a lot of them just using Google
Reply:Whats this for?
Reply:This site needs to start taxing such users.
Reply:I can only answer some of them, but I hope it helps:

1. John Locke

2. Mayflower Compact

3. popular sovereignty

4. concurrent powers

7. Speaker.

8. line-item veto (pretty sure)

9. House Ways and Means Committee

11. president

15. executive privilege

17. as appeals from lower courts

20. Marbury v. Madison
Reply:You have got to be kidding right. Do your own test!

Wisdom Teeth

Help with POL SCI?

2010-05-21T22:17:00.000-07:00

Which document specifically asserts that the King of England abused his powers, acted as a tyrant, and that the colonies are exercising political rights to dissolve the King's control over America?

1. U.S. Constitution

2. Declaration of Independence

3. Mayflower Compact

4. Magna Charta

Help with POL SCI?
Deux
Reply:Dos.
Reply:i think its #4. the Magna Carta.

Stupid pol science?

2010-05-21T22:16:00.003-07:00

Which document specifically asserts that the King of England abused his powers, acted as a tyrant, and that the colonies are exercising political rights to dissolve the King's control over America?

1. U.S. Constitution

2. Declaration of Independence

3. Mayflower Compact

4. Magna Charta

Stupid pol science?
2
Reply:2.
Reply:4. Magna Carta.
Reply:2.

If the Bible really does promote "free speach" and "liberty" why was there such a time as the "dark ages"?

2010-05-21T22:16:00.002-07:00

Last I checked, the Church had nearly unlimited power over everyone (including all European monarchs) if the Bible really had "promoted free speech" and "democracy" why did it favour a "divine right to rule" rather then "democracy"? Wasn't that "religious persecution" the sole reason that the original pilgrims got on the Mayflower, it was for "religious freedom"...And yet, people state that Christianity had created America........if America was created on the basis of Christianity, why is there religious freedom? Even Christ stated, "The only way through God is through me!"............in short you can not say that the founding fathers were "fundamentalist Christians" as with each group of them, there is always a sense of superiority within them about their own interpretations and understanding of the "Truth".......and why would a Christian give people freedom to actively preach what in your opinion is "heresy" to innocents?

If the Bible really does promote "free speach" and "liberty" why was there such a time as the "dark ages"?
The concepts of liberty, justice and free speach are not biblical. Individuals such as John Locke and Thomas Jefferson and several other philosophers conceived these concepts and incorporated them into our founding father's writings and documentation to govern this country. These concepts were completely new considering they were incorporated into the genesis of a government.

People who claim these were biblical concepts are completely and utterly clueless when it comes to American history as well as the bible. This country was NEVER based on christian principals. In fact, the forefathers went so far as to create a foundational document that prevents religious persecution or government interference with an individual's right to practice whatever religion they chose, specifically because they did not like the way religion had a way of trying to become theocracy when mixed with government.

Further, the dark ages are a reflection of thousands of years of history and science lost because christian monks specifically took manuscripts that other scholars (greek and babyonian, etc..) that explained various astrological and mathematical concepts and "cleaned" them so they could be used to copy christian manuscripts. Much history, science and philosophies were lost, hence the "dark" ages.

SunBeam: the bible does not say that the only way to god is through Jesus, that is a common but erronous mistranslation. Greek and hebrew, as well as most persian languages uses a present perfect tense that cannot be translated with "only", this is an insertion that english uses to clarify what is ambiguous in the german or english translation, but the greek or hebrew is NOT ambiguous. The verbs used are present perfect tense with a progressive (therefore continuous or ongoing) all-inclusive single artical.

"I am the light, the truth and the way" does not refer to three nouns, but to three continuous verbs that in a language that defines such a tense, is all inclusive of all light, all truth and all ways. There is no "only" in the translation. Simply put, Jesus was saying he was the door to his father by which all people pass. He was saying that he was all light, all truth and all ways. Remember he was taking his belief outside of judaism and giving it to the gentiles. He beleived is was truth for all people, not just a certain exclusive few.
Reply:atheism predates the monothestic Abrahamic religions

and guess what

the atheism of then was the most barbaric and savage (women rapin, children killing) that was atheism OLD SKOOL

this new school- whimp leader- dawkins- pseudo scientific- moronic- asshatery that they claim is 'gentle' atheism, basically equates to what i do in the toilet with less substance then what is in itchens bloodstream of course
Reply:So now God is responsible for the Dark Ages and ignorance, and the country was not founded by Christians.

Deluded.

Unbelievable.
Reply:because back then about 2% of people could acutally read the bible, so you had to rely on what your priest told you, which was what he wanted to tell you so the church could control the people
Reply:i just love reading these incoherent rants from religious freaks. It just goes to show that you have to be nuts to follow any religion.
Reply:Can you say ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH? Why do you think Protestantism caught on so big time?
Reply:Where does it say anything about free speech and liberty in the Bible?
Reply:People and satan?
Reply:The answer to your question is simple, free agency. "Christ stated, "The only way through God is through me!"" This is true but people still have the right to choose how they are going to live their life. Christ has provided all the answers for us to live the most joyfull happy life possible but we still have the right to choose how we want to live our life, and live with the consequences that follow whether good or bad. America was founded on Christianity, but again the divine principle of free agency comes into play. People have the right to choose. God does not force obedience. But he does warn us of the natural consequences that will follow. For example say their is a cliff in front of you. Do you jump or not. It is your choice. You can choose, and which ever choice you make you will have to live with the consequences that follow. Whether it good or bad. This is where the atonement of Christ comes into play. But I am not going to go into that. Anyways hope that helped.
Reply:The Bible does not promote free speech and never has. It is the constitution that promotes free speech. In religous circles, you always have freedom of speech as long as it does not conflict with current church doctrine. Galileo suffered extreme pressure from the church when he stated his concept that not everything in the heavens orbits the earth, (which he observed through his telescope while watching the moons of Jupiter.' It opposed church doctrine of the earth being the center of the universe. A scientific fact, but it is defined as heresy.

The founding fathers may have believed in some form of Christianity, but among these individuals, a number of them were deist. They felt it was important not to have government force someone else's belief system down your throat at gunpoint.

deism - : a movement or system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality, and in the 18th century denying the interference of the Creator with the laws of the universe. Deism is belief in God based on the application of our reason on the designs/laws found throughout Nature. In their mind, God gave us reason, not religion. Thomas Payne Thomas Jefferson, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin were known for the deist beliefs. "In God We Trust", a motto that is on US currency does not necessarily refer to the God of Abraham.

I believe it is a true statement that the founding fathers of the united states had a deep faith concerning their belief in God, but I feel it would be stretching the true to place a label on this God as being 100% Christian.

Faith based religions require an individual to have faith above all else. If scientific data contradicts faith, then science is ignored. Deism would have the argument that there is truth in God. If we observe God's creation through the use of reason and observe events that controdict our current understanding, they are more inclined to believe the error is lies more with their understanding of the universe and less with God's attempt to pull the wool over their eyes.

They way you stated your question leads me to believe that you are in error with your understanding of experiences and thought processes of the founding fathers.
Reply:A) I don't know why you think that the bible promotes free speech and liberty (and democracy - a greek concept). It doesn't. Nor does it restrict them.

B) From the way you talk about it, I suspect you have a misperception of what the "dark ages" was and what made it "dark".

C) The bible did not favor "devine right of rule", it is a concept that rulers promoted in order to keep the masses down.

D) England had no seperation of church and state. The church did not rule the state; the state ruled the church. Anybody who believed (religiously) any different than what the state told the church to preach was persecuted. This is a major reason why the founding fathers wanted a separation of church and state.

E) I don't know anybody, but the most fundamentalist of fundamentalist Christians who claim that the founding fathers were fundamentalist. Realize, however, that the term "conservative" when applied to religion means "fundmentalist" and the term "liberal" means that you allow for much more "interpretation" of scripture. While I would not catagorize the founding fathers as "fundamentalist", they were more conservative than most Christians today. Having said that, the founding fathers were a mixed bag of people, including a few atheists.

What most fundamentalists fail to realize is that if it were not for the freedom of religion that we enjoy in the U.S.A., their religion would not exist. If you look at state run religions, the church is run by the state - not vice versa. That means atheists, agnostics, liberal and conservative christians all get to vote on what the church believes. Look at the anglican church (the church of England) - they are one of the most liberal forms of Christianity (openly gay bishops, etc.). Conservatives poo poo the separation of church and state, somehow deluding themselves to think that if there were no separation, then the state would look more like (their) the church. The reality is, their church would look more like the anglican church.

The time interval between the Resurrection and the establishment of the New Testament canon in AD 382?

2010-05-21T22:16:00.001-07:00

is roughly the same as the interval between the arrival of the Mayflower in America and the present day. Therefore, since the early Christians had no defined New Testament for almost four hundred years, how did they practice sola Scriptura?

The time interval between the Resurrection and the establishment of the New Testament canon in AD 382?
I just really really wish that the Emperor Constantine would stop getting brought up concerning the making of the Bible. He had nothing to do with it.

That Dan Brown crap was less scientific than voodoo dolls.
Reply:They couldn't, for there was no canonnized scripture to rely on.

In 325AD, Emperor Constantine attempted to standardize the practics of christianity, by assembling the first council of nicaea. At this council, decisions were made as to the godhood of Jesus, and the trinity.
Reply:Word of mouth. Which, to my mind, leave a whole lot open to interpretation and unreliable reporting. Things will get lost or twisted over the years. Just saying...
Reply:They did have books to go from, but they were widely different depending on the particular region and who produced them. The NT was a combination of books written through out that time and passed back and forth. The whole reason of the council was to decide which of those books should go in the formal cannon to define and unify Christianity.
Reply:they did still use scripture, and very badly translated bits I would venture to add. That's why there was a concern at the time that many valuable documents were being terribly translated into Greek and Latin while the originals were physically degrading. Gospels such as the protoevangelium of St James and the apocryphal gospel of St Bartholomew are not included in today's bible for those very reasons.

But they were degraded because those gospels were used SO much by early Christians. And if you read them you understand where many Catholic "traditions" come from.

*fyi*

may

Advice on finding theatre work in Southampton?

2010-05-21T22:16:00.000-07:00

I know agencies are the key thing, understood perfectly. But does anybody living in Southampton or nearby know places that hold plays very often and have open auditions? I'm checking out the Nuffield Theatre, however does anybody have any suggestions for any theatre work that can be found nearby? And also, how do plays like the ones at the Mayflower recruit their performers, is it just by agencies? Because I went there and they told me to give them a CV of me, and they'd pass it on. But I assume that's not the only way. Thanks if you help. x

Advice on finding theatre work in Southampton?
If you do not take the advice of Mayflower, then good luck. Mostly professional theatres use agencies for casting, especially if they are union. Why don't you develop a reputation as a very fine actor in local amateur dramatic societies, then maybe one of the pro theatres may become interested in you. Generally one has to attend an acting academy to succeed in the UK as an actor.

Social studies?

2010-05-21T22:15:00.003-07:00

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peacebly to assemble , and to petition the Goverment for a redress of grievances.This paragraph appears in which historic document? A)The mayflower compact B)The magna carta C)The u.s constitution D)The freedom of information act E)The declaration of independence

Social studies?
This is Article I of the Bill of Rights as proposed by Congress to the various States and ratified by them. I must also suggest that when reproducing it (or any part of the Constitution and ratified Amendments, this should be accomplished exactly as they were ratified or the meaning is altered. For example, in your offering there is a space preceding each comma and semicolon, this is not correct. In addition the words peaceably and Government are misspelled. This amendment should be reproduced as follows:

Article I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Reply:C) U.S. Constitution

[It's the First Amendment, hint hint... u know.. infringing freedom of religion/speech/etc.]
Reply:You are joking...right?

imax theater

Can someone help me with my S.S Homework?

2010-05-21T22:15:00.002-07:00

we got this worksheet and it had questions on it, but you can only use the interent. Please help?

1. Before the adoption of the Constitution, the newly independent states were joined by the:

a. Articles of Confederation b. Magna Carta

c. Mayflower Compact d. Bill of Rights

2. The US. Constitution went into effect:

a. June 21, 1787 b. June 21, 1788

c. June 21, 1791 d. June 21, 1970

3. The number of Articles in the US Constitution is:

a. three b. two c. seven d. nine

4. The number of amendments that have been added to the constitution is

a. 25 b. 27 c. 10 d. 16

5. The number of representitives each state has depends on:

a. how big the state is b. when the state was admitted

c. the population of the state d. how rich the state is

6. The total number of us senators is

a. 435 b. 453 c. 100 d. 50

Can someone help me with my S.S Homework?
1. a

2. b

3. c

4. b

5. c

6. c
Reply:1. Before the adoption of the Constitution, the newly independent states were joined by the:

Articles of Confederation. Thats to easy!

2. The US. Constitution went into effect:

http://www.jburgd12.k12.il.us/jjhs/Wbt/F...

3. The number of Articles in the US Constitution is:

ahttp://findlaw.com/casecode/constitution...

4. The number of amendments that have been added to the constitution is

http://findlaw.com/casecode/constitution...

5. The number of representitives each state has depends on:

You can figure this one out!

6. The total number of us senators is

100 -- again to easy. 50 states two senators each.

Read your book.
Reply:1 is A. The Articles of Confederation

2 is B. June 21, 1788

3 is C. 7 articles

4 is B. 27

5 is C. The population

6 is C. 100 (2 from each state)
Reply:srry i'm not from your country i wouldnt know
Reply:1.a

2.b

3.d

4.b

5.a

6.c
Reply:srry dont know
Reply:1. A

2.not sure

3.d

4.not sure

5.c

6.c
Reply:it is a big job. need a lot of work out with no reward
Reply:It looks hard. Google it.
Reply:1. A

2. dont know

3. C

3. B

5. C

6. C
Reply:yo look it up and what grade is it
Reply:easy...

1. articles of the confederation

2. June 21, 1788

3. 7

4. 27

5. the population

6. 100

hope i helped~!!
Reply:A,C,D,C,C,C,

I think thats it
Reply:Pay me $ 70000000000000000000000000000 then I well do it but stop cheating.

LOL

LOL
Reply:http://www.google.com/

it's not terribly difficult....
Reply:ur cheating...............
Reply:For #6- The total number must be somewhere in the thousands, and it would take far too long for anybody to actually do the counting. There have been some U.S. Senators who have served in the Senate for a matter of only a few months. One of the most recent examples of that was Sheila Frahm of Kansas, who was appointed to the Senate in 1996 in order to fill the vacancy that occurred when Bob Dole resigned. But then almost right after she was appointed, she lost the Republian primary vote, and so she continued to serve in the Senate for a few months. Other examples have been women who were appointed following the deaths of their husbands, such as Mrs. Burdick of North Dakota, who was appointed in 1992 but she served for only a couple of months.

It would obviously take a long time for anyone to go back to the beginning, 1789, and to count all of the people who have ever served.

Can someone help me with my S.S Homework?

2010-05-21T22:15:00.001-07:00

Strange and/or Interesting baby names?

2010-05-21T22:15:00.000-07:00

I was looking through the baby announcements for last week at work today, and came across some strange/interesting names. No, I'm not considering any of them, lol, but am curious to others opinions:

Hamlet Theonidas (I'm a Shakespeare fan, but can't picture the name Hamlet on a child. Interesting nonetheless)

Jagger Maximillion (Jagger has grown on me, although I wouldn't personally use it)

Arson Helm (terrible!)

Kingston Cruz Romeo (umm, is it just me or is this a celebrity baby name carbon copy?)

Warwick George

Kipling Kourt

(girls)

Innocent Wilda Dagby Jaynne (wow, just wow)

Mayflower Dandelion

Strange and/or Interesting baby names?
The only good name there is Jagger. The others are pretty bad. Cruz Romeo? I wonder what was wrong with poor Brooklyn? She shoulda just used all 3 of the Beckham kids names. lol :-)
Reply:I know PLENTY of strange names! Now, I just heard this morning about a girl, named Sherayna. My friend's sister's name is Taschika (Tah-SHEE-kuh). They call her TASHA for short. Taschika's daughter's name is Nyoka. I also know a guy, named Tharen (THAH-rehn), %26amp; his twin brother, Thornell.

I know PLENTY more, but I'll be typing FOREVER if I continue.
Reply:I'm all for originality, and parents should think about the name they give their child. They'll have it for ever.

All of the names you have mentioned are great as far as first names go, but the last names don't go with it, which makes it bad.

Innocent is cute, she could be Penny, or just Cent for short.

Mayflower is stretching it a little, but still cute for a girl.
Reply:Yes. One girl was named Apple :+(
Reply:Personally, i don't like any of them. i prefer intersesting names like Ocean, Kaiah, India, that kind of interesting. x
Reply:I oddly love Kingston, but God, Kingston Cruz Romeo? Copied celeb baby names.

Warwick? Wow. Reminds me of warlock.

Kipling Kourt? That's like saying, "Yeah, I live on Kipling Kourt."

Innocent Wilda Dagby Jaynne is really, really bad. Just like. Wow.

Mayflower Dandelion. Well, maybe she'll become a florist.

I mean, just picture a job application.

NAME: Mayflower Dandelion Smith.

Yikes.

Jagger is growing on me too but I'd never use it.

What the heck is Theonidas?
Reply:Mayflower Dandelion!! Wow!!! :0
Reply:Poor kids!

Sometimes you can be TOO original with names!
Reply:Jason Lee named his kid Pilot Inspektor (spelled like that too I believe) and Frank Zappa named his girls Fifi trixbell and Diva Muffin... cruel, cruel parents!
Reply:I hate Jagger, my mom suggested this name to me a while back and I was like woooah! No! It reminds me of a tiger! haha

Um, I would have to say I strongly dislike all of the these names.....Kipling... what the heck? Poor children!
Reply:Yep...plenty or weird nad wonderful names out there...

- Astrid

-Jago

-Clemintine

-Nonny ...(yes i know!)

-Moon-shine

-Pollen

-Kinda

- August

-Moses

-Sailor

-Pinky

-Blue

-London

-Phoenix
Reply:poor kids. i'm sorry, but do these parents not think about what these kids are gonna go through once they get in school?!?!?!
Reply:The only names I like are Kingston and Romeo.
Reply:Originality is one thing, but some of these are just horrible! Arson? Seriously? I've heard of Carson, but come on! I wonder how family and friends have reacted to the news? What could you possibly say to them?
Reply:Hey look what Anthony Keidis from the chili peppers named his kid, Everly Bear.
Reply:I don't think Warwick is that bad.

Arson? Srsly? SRSLY? Bahahaha.

I find Kingston Cruz Romeo hellla amusing. Yeah - he knows HIS momma read the tabloids.

Innocent Wilda. Bahahahahaah.

Even my mother, a woman who grew up in a freaking greenhouse wouldn't have named me Mayflower Dandelion. Hell, as an avid gardener I think she may have felt compelled to exterminate me if I were named after a weed.

Beer Facts and some hilarious jokes....?

2010-05-21T22:14:00.003-07:00

Beer Facts

It was the accepted practice in Babylonia 4,000 years ago that for a month after the wedding, the bride's father would supply his son-in-law with all the mead he could drink. Mead is a honey beer, and because their calendar was lunar based, this period was called the "honey month" - or what we know today as the "honeymoon". Before thermometers were invented, brewers would dip a thumb or finger into the mix to find the right temperature for adding yeast. Too cold, and the yeast wouldn't grow. Too hot, and the yeast would die. This thumb in the beer is where we get the phrase "rule of thumb". In English pubs, ale is ordered by pints and quarts. So in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them to mind their own pints and quarts and settle down. It's where we get the phrase "mind your P's and Q's". Beer was the reason the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. It's clear from the Mayflower's log that the crew didn't want to waste beer looking for a better site. The log goes on to state that the passengers "were hasted ashore and made to drink water that the seamen might have the more beer". After consuming a bucket or two of vibrant brew they called aul, or ale, the Vikings would head fearlessly into battle often without armor or even shirts. In fact, the term "berserk" means "bare shirt" in Norse, and eventually took on the meaning of their wild battles. In 1740 Admiral Vernon of the British fleet decided to water down the navy's rum. Needless to say, the sailors weren't too pleased and called Admiral Vernon, Old Grog, after the stiff wool grogram coats he wore. The term "grog" soon began to mean the watered down drink itself. When you were drunk on this grog, you were "groggy", a word still in use today. Many years ago in England, pub frequenters had a whistle baked into the rim or handle of their ceramic cups. When they needed a refill, they used the whistle to get some service. "Wet your whistle", is the phrase inspired by this practice.

The Famous Banta

Banta was bragging to his boss one day," You know, I know everyone there is to know. Just name someone, anyone, and I know them." Tired of his boasting, his boss called his bluff, "OK, Banta how about Tom Cruise?"

"Sure, yes, Tom and I are old friends, and I can prove it." So Banta and his boss fly out to Hollywood and knock on Tom Cruise's door, and sure enough,Tom Cruise, shouts, "Banta! Great to see you! You and your friend come right in and join me for lunch!"

Although impressed, Banta's boss is still skeptical. After they leave Cruise's house, he tells Banta that he thinks Banta knowing Cruise was just lucky. "No, no, just name anyone else," Banta says.

"President Bush," his boss quickly retorts. "Yes," Banta says, "I know him, let's fly out to Washington." At the White House, Bush spots Banta on the tour and motions him and his boss over, saying, "Banta, what a surprise, I was just on my way to a meeting, but you and your friend come on in and have a cup of coffee first."

Well, the boss is very shaken by now, but still not totally convinced. After they leave the White House, he expresses his doubts to Banta, who again implores him to name anyone else. "The Pope," his boss replies.

"Sure!" says Banta. "My folks are from Poland, and I have known the Pope a long time." So

they fly to Rome.

Banta and his boss are assembled with the masses in Vatican Square when Banta says, "This will never work. I cannot catch the Pope's eye among all these people. Tell you what, I know all the guards so let me just go upstairs and I will come out on the balcony with the Pope." And he disappears into the crowd headed toward the Vatican.

Sure enough, half an hour later Banta emerges with the Pope on the balcony. But by the time Banta returns, he finds that his boss has had a heart attack and is surrounded by paramedics. Working his way to his boss's side, Banta asks him, "What happened?" His boss

looks up and says," I was doing fine until you and the Pope came out on the balcony and the man next to me said," Who is that on the balcony with Banta?"

* The Most Gruesome Death

There was a long, long line of spirits at the gate waiting to get into heaven. Not all these spirits could fit into heaven, so the ones who died the worst death would be allowed in.

The first man in line started telling his story, "Well, Peter, you see, I knew that my wife was cheating on me so I decided to come home early from work one day to catch them in action. I got home and searched all over but I couldn''t find him. Then when I walked out onto the balcony, there he was dangling off the darn thing by his fingertips. So I ran and got a hammer then started beating him with it and he fell. Well, the fall didn't kill him, because he landed in a bush so I picked up the refrigerator and threw it on him. Although that killed him, the strain gave me a heart attack, and here I am."

The next man came up and started his story. "St. Peter, I always work out on my balcony on the 14th floor of my apartment building. I was on my bike one day and I fell off when it flipped. I sailed over the rail and I thought ''Please God spare my life'' and he did. I caught on to a balcony below me. I was even happier when a man discovered me hanging there. But all of a sudden he started beating my hands with a hammer so I fell again. But the dear Lord saved me again when I landed in a bush. But I''m here now because the guy threw his refrigerator on top of me."

It was now the third guy's turn to start his story. "Well, Peter, just picture this. I'm hiding butt naked in this married chick''s refrigerator....."

**Star and comment if you like**

**Bookmark it, I'd be adding some more hilarious jokes everyday till question is open**

Beer Facts and some hilarious jokes....?
Thanks for sharing some brilliant jokes.Great stuff,really.But I suggest that you can post each joke separately and get many stars for each question.
Reply:its ok/ star/ 4/10
Reply:3 tickets is awesumm:)

never heard it b4..well done mate
Reply:ohohohoh, All those jokes were good. they made me chuckle.

Cheers!
Reply:iv heard of the last joke , but the beer facts were awesome!!!
Reply:haha, i like the banta joke!

ben

American History Help!!!!!?

2010-05-21T22:14:00.002-07:00

What did Eliot Spitzer do with the remaining hour and 55 minutes with the prostitute?

2010-05-21T22:14:00.001-07:00

On March 10, 2008, The New York Times reported that Spitzer had on the evening of February 13 patronized a high class prostitution service called Emperors Club VIP and met for TWO hours with a $1,000-an-hour call girl, in room 871 of the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C. under the alias George Fox. My question is....what did he do with the other hour and 55 minutes.....

What did Eliot Spitzer do with the remaining hour and 55 minutes with the prostitute?
That's a good question but I wasn't there so I couldn't tell you.
Reply:hmmmmmm....good question.
Reply:maybe she danced around him naked
Reply:I've been telling people for months that this sleazebag has to be thrown out of office. Finally it is going to happen! New Yawkers are not the brightest bunch but even their morally and ethically challenged liberal minds understand it's time to let go.
Reply:Talk about state taxes.

See who the call girl is:

http://www.spock.com/Ashley-Alexandra-Du...
Reply:what do you think he did or got for 1000. dollars an hour
Reply:Eliot Spitzer is Jewish president-in-waiting’

This is what thejc.com said:

HIS property-developer father once claimed that he would be America’s “first Jewish president”. Instead, as a sex scandal this week forced the resignation of New York Governor Eliot Spitzer, American Jewish groups were remembering their lost hope’s ties with the community, and recalling his tireless efforts to prosecute alleged corruption in a leading Jewish organisation.

Eliot Spitzer is Alan Dershowitz’ protégé

What they said about him: “Great brilliance, high integrity, cons-ervative demeanour and enormous promise” — Prof Alan Dershowitz

http://www.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=...
Reply:wait for the viagra to work
Reply:lol

American History Help!!!!!!?

2010-05-21T22:14:00.000-07:00

I just need to know why these incidents are important and significant (or what it led to) to American History...

1) House of Burgesses

2) Mayflower Compact

3) Boston Tea Party

4) Stamp Act

5) 1st Continental Congress

6) Boston Massacre

7) Jonathan Edwards

8) The Proclamation of 1763

9) The Sugar Act

10) The Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

11) Sons of Liberty

12) "Common Sense"

13) Articles of Confederation

14)Northwest Ordinance of 1787

15)The Virginia Plan

16) The New Jersey Plan

17) The Great Compromise

18) Alexander Hamilton

19)The Democratic-Republican Party

American History Help!!!!!!?
I do not mind giving some help but look at your questions. Do you ever look up any of your homework? If you want to find out those little things not told to you then it is needed that you do some work yourself. For instance in how many of the above questions were the Masonic Lodge involved in directly or indirectly?
Reply:Your list is kinda long, but I will answer a few

12 Common sense was a book written in plain words that encouraged the americans

13 Were not strong enough, led to constitution

15 Wanted porportional representation for congress

16 Equal representation for congress

17 Combined both of these, forming the senate and house of representatives

3 Made the British mad and to stop taxes

18 Makes the US a two party system and insures stability
Reply:I agree with the first answer...look at the Masonic involvement with I would guess all of them, and you will get your answers.

Maybe see if you can also get hold of true and accurate listing of ALL the amendments, not just the ones talked about, and see how the United Kingdom is still your superior, Queenie is still above the President, and maybe you will get a brownie point for your efforts.
Reply:Happy to help

1) House of Burgesses

This was where Burgess Meredith was born

2) Mayflower Compact

The automobile driven by the pilgrims

3) Boston Tea Party

Social event held by the Kennedys

4) Stamp Act

3rd act in a play called Post Office

5) 1st Continental Congress

Meeting held in a Lincoln Continental

6) Boston Massacre

Blow out win by the Boston Celtics over the L.A. Lakers

7) Jonathan Edwards

Power forward for the Celtics

8) The Proclamation of 1763

Hey guys, it's 1763

9) The Sugar Act

What Elliot Spitzer was after

10) The Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

Also what Elliot Spitzer was after

11) Sons of Liberty

Male children of somebody named Liberty

12) "Common Sense"

Something lacking in our government

13) Articles of Confederation

Stories written about the Confederacy

14)Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Some ruling about Northwest Airlines

15)The Virginia Plan

A plan about Virginia

16) The New Jersey Plan

A plan bout New Jersey

17) The Great Compromise

What you do when you get married

18) Alexander Hamilton

Never heard of him

19)The Democratic-Republican Party

A bunch of sleazy weasels

I need a Hook!!!!! ASAP PLZ!?

2010-05-21T22:13:00.002-07:00

this is alittle lengthy but necessary. i need a hook for my research paper. i have tried to think of something good and catchy but cannot find anything. here is some of my introduction. pls help me if you can anyone...

Many Americans are voting to have God taken out of our government, but why? The United States was founded on the belief in God and he is everywhere in our nation. One can find references to God throughout our nation in historical documents, such as, the Mayflower Compact and the Declaration of Independence. Several of our National Monuments have some form of reference to God and Christianity as well. Some of the most common include the Liberty Bell and the Washington Monument. As many people know, on every form of currency from the penny to the hundred dollar bill printed, is the motto “In God We Trust”.

I need a Hook!!!!! ASAP PLZ!?
Where's your thesis? You have a hook, your question.
Reply:True, You already have a hook. Questions and Rhetorical Questions can be a hook. Though, if you didn't reconize that, maybe you could rephrase your question to where it becomes more of a grabber and catches more attention.
Reply:Depending on the direction you choose to go, here may be some headline-like possibilities:

-The God wars: Has Mammon won?

- God in governance: ever necessary/appreciated?

- God: a neo-irrelevance in Government?

- God's role in Government: Has/should it be necessary?

- Has Godliness obsession restrained our past and future governments?

- God-bothering in government policy: an easy-out rationale for conservatives, ignorants and bigots; an un-necessary irksome irritant to the indifferent; an iniquitous policy-base prejudicial and alienating to the majority non-adherents?

Any, or indeed all, the above may be used as an introductory hook. Remember the best hooks are designed to create interest through controversy/conflict to stimulate further attention. Don't offer an opinion (kills interest) until the conclusion of your evidence based summation.

Cheers, hope this is of value.
Reply:You can quote the pledge of allegiance

kick scooter

Proud of their families - funny or not?

2010-05-21T22:13:00.001-07:00

The Smith's were proud of their family tradition. Their ancestors had come to America on the Mayflower. They had included Senators and Wall Street wizards...

They decided to compile a family history, a legacy for their children and grandchildren. They hired a fine author.

Only one problem arose - how to handle that great-uncle George, who was executed in the electric chair.

The author said he could handle the story tactfully.

The book appeared and in it was found the following passage:

"Great-uncle George occupied a chair of applied electronics at an important government institution, was attached to his position by the strongest of ties, and his death came as a great shock."

Proud of their families - funny or not?
. hahaha!!!!. that was electrifying.
Reply:i could use this one!!! lol
Reply:know that was good
Reply:hahaha very good.
Reply:Funny! 100!
Reply:I like that one thanks. Very good.
Reply:hahaha very good.
Reply:Scholarstic
Reply:yes
Reply:Hahahaha euphemism at its best.
Reply:haha
Reply:Excellent thanks

Help with social studdies (english settlers)?

2010-05-21T22:13:00.000-07:00

hi! if you answer this question to this i will give you 10 points. ok so here it is.

Is the mayflower Compact a primary source? why or why not?

please help! thanks! :)

Help with social studdies (english settlers)?
Yes!

The Mayflower Compact by William Bradford

November 11, 1620

http://www.nationalcenter.org/MayflowerC...

The Mayflower Compact 1620

After many difficulties in boisterous storms, at length by God’s providence...we espied land, which we deemed to be Cape Cod...and upon the 21 of November we came to anchor in the bay [Provincetown Harbor]...

http://www.pilgrimhall.org/compcon.htm

The Names of the Subscribers of the Mayflower Compact

http://members.aol.com/calebj/compact.ht...

Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth : 1620

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdo...

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates...

http://pilgrims.net/plymouth/history/

What are the chances that I am part Native American?

2010-05-21T22:12:00.003-07:00

I traced my ancestry to English settlers in the early 1600's and to some passengers on the Mayflower. I heard that most people that have ancestry in America that far back have some Native American heritage mixed in them.

What are the chances that I am part Native American?
It is true that if your ancestors were on this continent before the 1800's that you may have "Native American" ancestors. But it is also true that while the "English" did some intermarrying it was more common among the French, Scottish, and Irish.

If you have an ancestor most likely a female that you can't find a surname for or no name at all, there is an even chance that she is "Native American". Many early "frontiersmen" had 2 families, one that stayed back home on the farm or in town and one "Native American" family out in the "frontier". These families most often did not know about each other. Just that their husbands and or fathers left for extended periods of time...
Reply:I don't think that will get you a free ride on the subway.
Reply:i would doubt it == i would think most of the folks that went west would be more likely!!!!
Reply:There is a possibility, but the English settlers didn't interact or intermarry with the Native Americans as much as the french did.
Reply:Very good. Because of racism and discrimination, many non-whites tried and continue to try to assimilate in the white population. Unlike blacks, Native Americans have less dominate genes for most of their features. Therefore when whites mixed with Indians, most of their offspring appeared to physically look more white. Given the advantage of being white in the U.S. most of these offspring assimilated into the white population leaving their Native American culture behind. Many Ethnicity's (Spanish, Italian, French, Arabs) have done this and continue to do it today. I call it mainstream America (Forget your roots). The point is that since most Americans only look at the physical appearance of other people vs their genealogy, the answer is yes. On top of that you probably have some other Races and Ethnicity's as well.

Can someone help me with these Documents plz?

2010-05-21T22:12:00.002-07:00

Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Iroquois League of Nations Constitution, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, John Locke.

Summary of each Document: Including Five Important Statements in the Document

thx

Can someone help me with these Documents plz?
Best advice is to type each of those words into a search engine and you will get all the information you need on each of them.

omar

Citizenship english question translate to arabic ?

2010-05-21T22:12:00.001-07:00

any one new anywebsite hit me up

?

INS Citizenship Test Questions

The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) administers a test to all immigrants applying for citizenship. For years, these questions have been selected from among the following list of 100. How would you do? Many, you will find simple. Others are not so easy. In all cases, the answer USCIS wants to hear is given. (Study Materials and Guides)

NOTE: New Test Questions Coming Oct. 1, 2008

On Oct. 1, 2008 The USCIS will switch a new set of test questions. All applicants who file for naturalization on or after October 1, 2008 will be required to take the redesigned test. For those applicants who file prior to October 1, 2008 but are not interviewed until after October , 2008 (but before October 1, 2009), there will be an option of taking the new test or the current one.

______________________________________...

Current USCIS Test Questions

(Click on the question to see the answer.)

1. What are the colors of our flag?

2. How many stars are there in our flag?

3. What color are the stars on our flag?

4. What do the stars on the flag mean?

5. How many stripes are there in the flag?

6. What color are the stripes?

7. What do the stripes on the flag mean?

8. How many states are there in the Union?

9. What is the 4th of July?

10. What is the date of Independence Day?

11. Independence from whom?

12. What country did we fight during the Revolutionary War?

13. Who was the first President of the United States?

14. Who is the President of the United States today?

15. Who is the vice-president of the United States today?

16. Who elects the President of the United States?

17. Who becomes President of the United States if the President should die?

18. For how long do we elect the President?

19. What is the Constitution?

20. Can the Constitution be changed?

21. What do we call a change to the Constitution?

22. How many changes or amendments are there to the Constitution?

23. How many branches are there in our government?

24. What are the three branches of our government?

25. What is the legislative branch of our government?

26. Who makes the laws in the United States?

27. What is the Congress?

28. What are the duties of Congress?

29. Who elects the Congress?

30. How many senators are there in Congress?

31. Can you name the two senators from your state?

32. For how long do we elect each senator?

33. How many representatives are there in Congress?

34. For how long do we elect the representatives?

35. What is the executive branch of our government?

36. What is the judiciary branch of our government?

37. What are the duties of the Supreme Court?

38. What is the supreme court law of the United States?

39. What is the Bill of Rights?

40. What is the capital of your state?

41. Who is the current governor of your state?

42. Who becomes President of the United States if the President and the vice-president should die?

43. Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

44. Can you name thirteen original states?

45. Who said, "Give me liberty or give me death."?

46. Which countries were our enemies during World War II?

47. What are the 49th and 50th states of the Union?

48. How many terms can the President serve?

49. Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?

50. Who is the head of your local government?

51. According to the Constitution, a person must meet certain requirements in order to be eligible to become President. Name one of these requirements.

52. Why are there 100 Senators in the Senate?

53. Who selects the Supreme Court justice?

54. How many Supreme Court justice are there?

55. Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

56. What is the head executive of a state government called?

57. What is the head executive of a city government called?

58. What holiday was celebrated for the first time by the Americans colonists?

59. Who was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence?

60. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

61. What is the basic belief of the Declaration of Independence?

62. What is the national anthem of the United States?

63. Who wrote the Star-Spangled Banner?

64. Where does freedom of speech come from?

65. What is a minimum voting age in the United States?

66. Who signs bills into law?

67. What is the highest court in the United States?

68. Who was the President during the Civil War?

69. What did the Emancipation Declaration do?

70. What special group advises the President?

71. Which President is called the "Father of our country"?

72. What Immigration and Naturalization Service form is used to apply to become a naturalized citizen?

73. Who helped the Pilgrims in America?

74. What is the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America?

75. What are the 13 original states of the U.S. called?

76. Name 3 rights of freedom guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.

77. Who has the power to declare the war?

78. What kind of government does the United States have?

79. Which President freed the slaves?

80. In what year was the Constitution written?

81. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

82. Name one purpose of the United Nations?

83. Where does Congress meet?

84. Whose rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

85. What is the introduction to the Constitution called?

86. Name one benefit of being citizen of the United States.

87. What is the most important right granted to U.S. citizens?

88. What is the United States Capitol?

89. What is the White House?

90. Where is the White House located?

91. What is the name of the President's official home?

92. Name the right guaranteed by the first amendment.

93. Who is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

94. Which President was the first Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

95. In what month do we vote for the President?

96. In what month is the new President inaugurated?

97. How many times may a Senator be re-elected?

98. How many times may a Congressman be re-elected?

99. What are the 2 major political parties in the U.S. today?

100. How many states are there in the United States today?

______________________________________...

1. What are the colors of our flag?

Red, White, and Blue.

2. How many stars are there in our flag?

50

3. What color are the stars on our flag?

White.

4. What do the stars on the flag mean?

One for each state in the Union.

5. How many stripes are there in the flag?

13

6. What color are the stripes?

Red and White.

7. What do the stripes on the flag mean?

They represent the original 13 states.

8. How many states are there in the Union?

50

9. What is the 4th of July?

Independence Day.

10. What is the date of Independence Day?

July 4th

11. Independence from whom?

England

12. What country did we fight during the Revolutionary War?

England

13. Who was the first President of the United States?

George Washington

14. Who is the President of the United States today?

Currently George W. Bush

15. Who is the vice-president of the United States today?

Currently Richard B. ("Dick") Cheney

16. Who elects the President of the United States?

The electoral college

17. Who becomes President of the United States if the President should die?

Vice - President

18. For how long do we elect the President?

Four years

19. What is the Constitution?

The supreme law of the land

20. Can the Constitution be changed?

Yes

21. What do we call a change to the Constitution?

An Amendment

22. How many changes or amendments are there to the Constitution?

27

23. How many branches are there in our government?

3

24. What are the three branches of our government?

Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary

25. What is the legislative branch of our government?

Congress

26. Who makes the laws in the United States?

Congress

27. What is the Congress?

The Senate and the House of Representatives

28. What are the duties of Congress?

To make laws

29. Who elects the Congress?

The people

30. How many senators are there in Congress?

100

31. Can you name the two senators from your state?

(insert local information)

32. For how long do we elect each senator?

6 years

33. How many representatives are there in Congress?

435

34. For how long do we elect the representatives?

2 years

35. What is the executive branch of our government?

The President, vice president, cabinet, and departments under the cabinet members

36. What is the judiciary branch of our government?

The Supreme Court

37. What are the duties of the Supreme Court?

To interpret laws

38. What is the supreme court law of the United States?

The Constitution

39. What is the Bill of Rights?

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution

40. What is the capital of your state?

(insert local information)

41. Who is the current governor of your state?

(insert local information)

42. Who becomes President of the United States if the President and the vice-president should die?

Speaker of the House of Representative

43. Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

William Rehnquist (or whoever is next)

44. Can you name thirteen original states?

Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, and Maryland.

45. Who said, "Give me liberty or give me death."?

Patrick Henry

46. Which countries were our enemies during World War II?

Germany, Italy, and Japan

47. What are the 49th and 50th states of the Union?

Hawaii and Alaska

48. How many terms can the President serve?

2

49. Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?

A civil rights leader

50. Who is the head of your local government?

(insert local information)

51. According to the Constitution, a person must meet certain requirements in order to be eligible to become President. Name one of these requirements.

Must be a natural born citizen of the United States; must be at least 35 years old by the time he/she will serve; must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years.

52. Why are there 100 Senators in the Senate?

Two (2) from each state

53. Who selects the Supreme Court justice?

Appointed by the President

54. How many Supreme Court justice are there?

Nine (9)

55. Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

For religious freedom

56. What is the head executive of a state government called?

Governor

57. What is the head executive of a city government called?

Mayor

58. What holiday was celebrated for the first time by the Americans colonists?

Thanksgiving

59. Who was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

60. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

July 4, 1776

61. What is the basic belief of the Declaration of Independence?

That all men are created equal

62. What is the national anthem of the United States?

The Star-Spangled Banner

63. Who wrote the Star-Spangled Banner?

Francis Scott Key

64. Where does freedom of speech come from?

The Bill of Rights

65. What is a minimum voting age in the United States?

Eighteen (18)

66. Who signs bills into law?

The President

67. What is the highest court in the United States?

The Supreme Court

68. Who was the President during the Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln

69. What did the Emancipation Declaration do?

Freed many slaves

70. What special group advises the President?

The Cabinet

71. Which President is called the "Father of our country"?

George Washington

72. What Immigration and Naturalization Service form is used to apply to become a naturalized citizen?

Form N-400, Application to File Petition for Naturalization

73. Who helped the Pilgrims in America?

The American-Indians (Native Americans)

74. What is the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America?

The Mayflower

75. What are the 13 original states of the U.S. called?

Colonies

76. Name 3 rights of freedom guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.

The right of freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and requesting change of government.

The right to bear arms (the right to have weapons or own a gun, though subject to certain regulations).

The government may not quarter, or house, soldiers in the people's homes during peacetime without the people's consent.

The government may not search or take a person's property without a warrant.

A person may not be tried twice for the same crime and does not have to testify against him/herself.

A person charged with a crime still has some rights, such as the right to a trial and to have a lawyer.

The right to trial by jury in most cases.

Protects people against excessive or unreasonable fines or cruel and unusual punishment.

The people have rights other than those mentioned in the Constitution.

Any power not given to the federal government by the Constitution is a power of either the state or the people.

77. Who has the power to declare the war?

The Congress

78. What kind of government does the United States have?

Democracy

79. Which President freed the slaves?

Abraham Lincoln

80. In what year was the Constitution written?

1787

81. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

The Bill of Rights

82. Name one purpose of the United Nations?

For countries to discuss and try to resolve world problems, to provide economic aid to many countries.

83. Where does Congress meet?

In the Capitol in Washington, D.C.

84. Whose rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

Everyone (citizens and non-citizens) living in U.S.

85. What is the introduction to the Constitution called?

The Preamble

86. Name one benefit of being citizen of the United States.

Obtain federal government jobs, travel with U.S. passport, petition for close relatives to come to the U.S. to live.

87. What is the most important right granted to U.S. citizens?

The right to vote

88. What is the United States Capitol?

The place where Congress meets

89. What is the White House?

The President's official home

90. Where is the White House located?

Washington, D.C. (1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.)

91. What is the name of the President's official home?

The White House

92. Name the right guaranteed by the first amendment.

Freedom of: speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and requesting change of the government.

93. Who is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

The President

94. Which President was the first Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

George Washington

95. In what month do we vote for the President?

November

96. In what month is the new President inaugurated?

January

97. How many times may a Senator be re-elected?

There is no limit

98. How many times may a Congressman be re-elected?

There is no limit

99. What are the 2 major political parties in the U.S. today?

Democratic and Republican

100. How many states are there in the United States today?

Fifty (50)

New Naturalization Test Questions

Beginning on Oct. 1, 2008, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will replace the set of questions currently used as part of the citizenship test with the questions listed here. All applicants who file for naturalization on or after October 1, 2008 will be required to take the new test. For those applicants who file prior to October 1, 2008 but are not interviewed until after October , 2008 (but before October 1, 2009), there will be an option of taking the new test or the current one.

New Test Questions and Answers

Some questions have more than one correct answer. In those cases, all acceptable answers are shown. All answers are shown exactly as worded by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.

* If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

A. Principles of American Democracy

1. What is the supreme law of the land?

A: The Constitution

2. What does the Constitution do?

A: sets up the government

A: defines the government

A: protects basic rights of Americans

3. The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words?

A: We the People

4. What is an amendment?

A: a change (to the Constitution)

A: an addition (to the Constitution)

5. What do we call the first ten amendments to the Constitution?

A: The Bill of Rights

6. What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment?*

A: speech

A: religion

A: assembly

A: press

A: petition the government

7. How many amendments does the Constitution have?

A: twenty-seven (27)

8. What did the Declaration of Independence do?

A: announced our independence (from Great Britain)

A: declared our independence (from Great Britain)

A: said that the United States is free (from Great Britain)

9. What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence?

A: life

A: liberty

A: pursuit of happiness

10. What is freedom of religion?

A: You can practice any religion, or not practice a religion.

11. What is the economic system in the United States?*

A: capitalist economy

A: market economy

12. What is the "rule of law"?

A: Everyone must follow the law.

A: Leaders must obey the law.

A: Government must obey the law.

A: No one is above the law.

B. System of Government

13. Name one branch or part of the government.*

A: Congress

A: legislative

A: President

A: executive

A: the courts

A: judicial

14. What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful?

A: checks and balances

A: separation of powers

15. Who is in charge of the executive branch?

A: the President

16. Who makes federal laws?

A: Congress

A: Senate and House (of Representatives)

A: (U.S. or national) legislature

17. What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?*

A: the Senate and House (of Representatives)

18. How many U.S. Senators are there?

A: one hundred (100)

19. We elect a U.S. Senator for how many years?

A: six (6)

20. Who is one of your state's U.S. Senators?*

A: Answers will vary. [For District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories, the answer is that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. Senators.]

* If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk.

21. The House of Representatives has how many voting members?

A: four hundred thirty-five (435)

22. We elect a U.S. Representative for how many years?

A: two (2)

23. Name your U.S. Representative.

A: Answers will vary. [Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate or Commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) Representatives in Congress.]

24. Who does a U.S. Senator represent?

A: all people of the state

25. Why do some states have more Representatives than other states?

A: (because of) the state's population

A: (because) they have more people

A: (because) some states have more people

26. We elect a President for how many years?

A: four (4)

27. In what month do we vote for President?*

A: November

28. What is the name of the President of the United States now?*

A: George W. Bush

A: George Bush

A: Bush

29. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now?

A: Richard Cheney

A: Dick Cheney

A: Cheney

30. If the President can no longer serve, who becomes President?

A: the Vice President

31. If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, who becomes President?

A: the Speaker of the House

32. Who is the Commander in Chief of the military?

A: the President

33. Who signs bills to become laws?

A: the President

34. Who vetoes bills?

A: the President

35. What does the President's Cabinet do?

A: advises the President

36. What are two Cabinet-level positions?

A: Secretary of Agriculture

A: Secretary of Commerce

A: Secretary of Defense

A: Secretary of Education

A: Secretary of Energy

A: Secretary of Health and Human Services

A: Secretary of Homeland Security

A: Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

A: Secretary of Interior

A: Secretary of State

A: Secretary of Transportation

A: Secretary of Treasury

A: Secretary of Veterans' Affairs

A: Secretary of Labor

A: Attorney General

37. does the judicial branch do?

A: reviews laws

A: explains laws

A: resolves disputes (disagreements)

A: decides if a law goes against the Constitution

38. What is the highest court in the United States?

A: the Supreme Court

39. How many justices are on the Supreme Court?

A: nine (9)

40. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States?

A: John Roberts (John G. Roberts, Jr.)

* If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk.

41. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government?

A: to print money

A: to declare war

A: to create an army

A: to make treaties

42. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states?

A: provide schooling and education

A: provide protection (police)

A: provide safety (fire departments)

A: give a driver's license

A: approve zoning and land use

43. Who is the Governor of your state?

A: Answers will vary. [Residents of the District of Columbia and U.S. territories without a Governor should say "we don't have a Governor."]

44. What is the capital of your state?*

A: Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.]

45. What are the two major political parties in the United States?*

A: Democratic and Republican

46. What is the political party of the President now?

A: Republican (Party)

47. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now?

A: (Nancy) Pelosi

C: Rights and Responsibilities

48. There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them.

A: Citizens eighteen (18) and older (can vote).

A: You don't have to pay (a poll tax) to vote.

A: Any citizen can vote. (Women and men can vote.)

A: A male citizen of any race (can vote).

49. What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens?*

A: serve on a jury

A: vote

50. What are two rights only for United States citizens?

A: apply for a federal job

A: vote

A: run for office

A: carry a U.S. passport

51. What are two rights of everyone living in the United States?

A: freedom of expression

A: freedom of speech

A: freedom of assembly

A: freedom to petition the government

A: freedom of worship

A: the right to bear arms

52. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance?

A: the United States

A: the flag

53. What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen?

A: give up loyalty to other countries

A: defend the Constitution and laws of the United States

A: obey the laws of the United States

A: serve in the U.S. military (if needed)

A: serve (do important work for) the nation (if needed)

A: be loyal to the United States

54. How old do citizens have to be to vote for President?*

A: eighteen (18) and older

55. What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy?

A: vote

A: join a political party

A: help with a campaign

A: join a civic group

A: join a community group

A: give an elected official your opinion on an issue

A: call Senators and Representatives

A: publicly support or oppose an issue or policy

A: run for office

A: write to a newspaper

56. When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms?*

A: April 15

57. When must all men register for the Selective Service?

A: at age eighteen (18)

A: between eighteen (18) and twenty-six (26)

AMERICAN HISTORY

A: Colonial Period and Independence

58. What is one reason colonists came to America?

A: freedom

A: political liberty

A: religious freedom

A: economic opportunity

A: practice their religion

A: escape persecution

59. Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?

A: Native Americans

A: American Indians

60. What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?

A: Africans

A: people from Africa

* If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk.

61. Why did the colonists fight the British?

A: because of high taxes (taxation without representation)

A: because the British army stayed in their houses (boarding, quartering)

A: because they didn't have self-government

62. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

A: (Thomas) Jefferson

63. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

A: July 4, 1776

64. There were 13 original states. Name three.

A: New Hampshire

A: Massachusetts

A: Rhode Island

A: Connecticut

A: New York

A: New Jersey

A: Pennsylvania

A: Delaware

A: Maryland

A: Virginia

A: North Carolina

A: South Carolina

A: Georgia

65. What happened at the Constitutional Convention?

A: The Constitution was written.

A: The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution.

66. When was the Constitution written?

A: 1787

67. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.

A: (James) Madison

A: (Alexander) Hamilton

A: (John) Jay

A: Publius

68. What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for?

A: U.S. diplomat

A: oldest member of the Constitutional Convention

A: first Postmaster General of the United States

A: writer of "Poor Richard's Almanac"

A: started the first free libraries

69. Who is the "Father of Our Country"?

A: (George) Washington

70. Who was the first President?*

A: (George) Washington

B: 1800s

71. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?

A: the Louisiana Territory

A: Louisiana

72. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s.

A: War of 1812

A: Mexican-American War

A: Civil War

A: Spanish-American War

73. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South.

A: the Civil War

A: the War between the States

74. Name one problem that led to the Civil War.

A: slavery

A: economic reasons

A: states' rights

75. What was one important thing that Abraham Lincoln did?*

A: freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation)

A: saved (or preserved) the Union

A: led the United States during the Civil War

76. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

A: freed the slaves

A: freed slaves in the Confederacy

A: freed slaves in the Confederate states

A: freed slaves in most Southern states

77. What did Susan B. Anthony do?

A: fought for women's rights

A: fought for civil rights

C: Recent American History and Other Important Historical Information

78. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.*

A: World War I

A: World War II

A: Korean War

A: Vietnam War

A: (Persian) Gulf War

79. Who was President during World War I?

A: (Woodrow) Wilson

80. Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?

A: (Franklin) Roosevelt

* If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk.

81. Who did the United States fight in World War II?

A: Japan, Germany and Italy

82. Before he was President, Eisenhower was a general. What war was he in?

A: World War II

83. During the Cold War, what was the main concern of the United States?

A: Communism

84. What movement tried to end racial discrimination?

A: civil rights (movement)

85. What did Martin Luther King, Jr. do?*

A: fought for civil rights

A: worked for equality for all Americans

86. What major event happened on September 11, 2001 in the United States?

A: Terrorists attacked the United States.

87. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.

[Adjudicators will be supplied with a complete list.]

A: Cherokee

A: Navajo

A: Sioux

A: Chippewa

A: Choctaw

A: Pueblo

A: Apache

A: Iroquois

A: Creek

A: Blackfeet

A: Seminole

A: Cheyenne

A: Arawak

A: Shawnee

A: Mohegan

A: Huron

A: Oneida

A: Lakota

A: Crow

A: Teton

A: Hopi

A: Inuit

INTEGRATED CIVICS

A: Geography

88. Name one of the two longest rivers in the United States.

A: Missouri (River)

A: Mississippi (River)

89. What ocean is on the West Coast of the United States?

A: Pacific (Ocean)

90. What ocean is on the East Coast of the United States?

A: Atlantic (Ocean)

91. Name one U.S. territory.

A: Puerto Rico

A: U.S. Virgin Islands

A: American Samoa

A: Northern Mariana Islands

A: Guam

92. Name one state that borders Canada.

A: Maine

A: New Hampshire

A: Vermont

A: New York

A: Pennsylvania

A: Ohio

A: Michigan

A: Minnesota

A: North Dakota

A: Montana

A: Idaho

A: Washington

A: Alaska

93. Name one state that borders Mexico.

A: California

A: Arizona

A: New Mexico

A: Texas

94. What is the capital of the United States?*

A: Washington, D.C.

95. Where is the Statue of Liberty?*

A: New York (Harbor)

A: Liberty Island

[Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson (River).]

B. Symbols

96. Why does the flag have 13 stripes?

A: because there were 13 original colonies

A: because the stripes represent the original colonies

97. Why does the flag have 50 stars?*

A: because there is one star for each state

A: because each star represents a state

A: because there are 50 states

98. What is the name of the national anthem?

A: The Star-Spangled Banner

C: Holidays

99. When do we celebrate Independence Day?*

A: July 4

100. Name two national U.S. holidays.

A: New Year's Day

A: Martin Luther King, Jr., Day

A: Presidents' Day

A: Memorial Day

A: Independence Day

A: Labor Day

A: Columbus Day

A: Veterans Day

A: Thanksgiving

A: Christmas

Citizenship english question translate to arabic ?
Try this site

http://www.freetranslation.com/
Reply:Good one!! Report It

Reply:If you're applying for citizenship, you should read and speak ENGLISH... no translations needed!
Reply:good luck chuck

History Help!!!!?

2010-05-21T22:12:00.000-07:00

I just need to know why these incidents are important and significant (or what it led to) to American History...

1) House of Burgesses

2) Mayflower Compact

3) Boston Tea Party

4) Stamp Act

5) 1st Continental Congress

6) Boston Massacre

7) Jonathan Edwards

8) The Proclamation of 1763

9) The Sugar Act

10) The Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

11) Sons of Liberty

12) "Common Sense"

13) Articles of Confederation

14)Northwest Ordinance of 1787

15)The Virginia Plan

16) The New Jersey Plan

17) The Great Compromise

18) Alexander Hamilton

19)The Democratic-Republican Party

History Help!!!!?
All of them are important, and play a role in American History. I can answer some of them. Let's start with the easy one. Besides being a representative of New York during the Constitutional Convention, Alexander Hamilton fought in the Revolutionary War, and was also the First Secretary of the Treasury. "Common Sense was Thomas Paine's phamplet that he published with regards to why the Colonies should fight. It outlined what freedom was about. The Articles of Confederation were the first set of laws that were set up after the Revolution was over. This was our governments first crack at a new nation, and they were very loose. There was no power to tax or to regulate taxes. The House of Burgesses was the first legislative assembly to take place in the newly established colony of Virginia and later after the war, the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Boston Tea party as the name suggests, was a retaliation against the British for them imposing the Tea Tax. So late at night citizens of Boston dressed as Indians snuck aboard the ship and threw all the tea into Boston Harbor. The Stamp act was important because it was the first major tax against the colonies by England. It placed a tax on all documents, and it was so hated that riots actually broke out. The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth County. Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan Minister who wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." It basically outlined why you must be a good Puritan and what you had to do in order to be saved. Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770

Tensions between the American colonists and the British were already running high in the early spring of 1770. Late in the afternoon, on March 5, a crowd of jeering Bostonians slinging snowballs gathered around a small group of British soldiers guarding the Boston Customs House. The soldiers became enraged after one of them had been hit, and they fired into the crowd, even though they were under orders not to fire. Their shots hit and killed four civilians in an event that has come to be known as the Boston Massacre. The Intolerable Acts, actually consisted of five seperate acts, one of which was the Quatering Act, which stated that as a loyal colonist you had to house British soliders if they so desired, and there wasn't anything you could do.

That's about all I can remember from memory. I would also suggest looking them up to find out more.

For the girls again.....?

2010-05-21T22:11:00.003-07:00

Firstly, thx to 'Mayflower' for her answer but i gotta ask again. If i hooked up with my ex gf a few times and then she said she didnt feel comfy doing the casual stuff anymore and before that, she had not been with any1 but me then wat r the chances that she's seein sum1 else in less than 2 weeks after we messed around? She even told a close friend who confided in me that she's been honest all the way til now bout everythin and she spends a lot of time at home on the computer or at the gym. When she went out with sum new guys she met, she spent maybe 30 mins with them and went home alone, i know this cos we met up l8r. She's a good girl in the end for sure. So am i being paranoid and jealous? If she told this close friend of hers that right now, we need to get our 'friendship' back (we had a fight last sat. nite) and maybe sumthin might happen between us again down the line then is this girl for real or foolin around behind my back? Do I meet her 2day 2 talk or is it wastin time? Thx.

For the girls again.....?
uhm... if shes pretty honest... good girls can go bad... ouch
Reply:nvr a waste of time. if she says shes fooling behind your back then you know it. if she is for real then you know it...so nvr time wasting
Reply:Meet her to talk.
Reply:It sounds more like your casual activity is making her develop more feelings for you than she is comfortable with. I don't think she is seeing anyone else.
Reply:i think you should talk to her and ask her straight up but before that you should actually figure out what u also feel...so when she ask you u would know what to say...if u dont have feeling for her u should be jelouse..but if u do have feeling for her be seroius and stop messing around ...
Reply:Let her have some freedom, if she's not your girlfriend then really it's none of your business. If she is seeing someone then maybe she hasn't told you because she knew how you would react.

Can anyone anwser these questions for me ? there about New England..?

2010-05-21T22:11:00.002-07:00

WHat section of the country is called "The cradle of american history"the northeast s

HOw many states are included in the northeast section of our country ____. Name them....._______________________________...

Traditional American cookery began with the arrival of the _______ in the year _______ at_______________.

These 100 people who were passengers on the mayflower were called___________, a radical religous sect from england.

Pilgrims bread was a term used for ________________

The indians influenced the first settlers growing american crops such as _______________._____________,__________...

Can anyone anwser these questions for me ? there about New England..?
1. 9 states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

2. Dunno

3. Puritans

4. A bread cooked on hot stones...(?)

5. Corn
Reply:Read your text book and do your own homework.

games hardware

High street shopping areas in Washington DC?

2010-05-21T22:11:00.001-07:00

In the summer im going to be staying at the renaissance mayflower hotel in Washington DC. However I only have one day of leisure so im hoping to spend the afternoon shopping. I was wondering if anyone knew where the near major shopping high street is near this hotel (pref. good stores like prada etc.). I would also be grateful if you could give me the area name and dicrections if using the metro is required.

Thank you in advance to any answers given to this question.

High street shopping areas in Washington DC?
Actually, you are in luck, as you are in one of the better shopping areas, along Connecticut Avenue. So you should be able to do some shopping right outside your hotel, and down to K Street/etc.

Another place you may want to go is Georgetown. There is a mix of shopping there, as there is, frankly, on Connecticut. That's because upscale mixes with college sensibilities here. Still if you want to visit a designer or something, this is a good area. You will want to take the Circulator Bus from anywhere on K street or go to Foggy Bottom and walk about a mile to get to Georgetown. There is no Metro station in Georgetown. Georgetown Park is good, but some of the boutiques on Wisconsin avenue and along M street are great, too.

Some of the local malls may be good for you, particularly White Flint in Maryland (Metro goes directly there) and the Fashion Center at Pentagon City (Metro goes here, too)
Reply:The area around your hotel, on Connecticut Avenue, has some of the "better" stores. Others can be found in the Georgetown Park Shopping Center in the Georgetown section of Washington. Unfortunately there's no Metrorail connection to Georgetown, although there is a bus (the concierge at your hotel can give you details) or you can easily take a cab for the 10 minute drive.

By the way, here in "The States" we don't use the term "High Street Shopping", although I know what you mean by the term. Similarly, what you call a Chemist's Shop, we call a Drug Store or a Pharmacy. Quite a bit of difference between our languages...

Hope you have a good trip!
Reply:You can find upscale shopping districts both in Friendship Heights and Georgetown. Use wmata.com to get directions from your hotel to the stores.

Are there any kinds of avatar items you'd like to see?

2010-05-21T22:11:00.000-07:00

I only ask because I'm appalled by how few pirate items there are and how low quality they are. All the pirate backgrounds endorse Verizon! (the sail behind me is that of the Mayflower) What pirate would ever ally himself with a corporation??!?

That and the only way I could get an eyepatch would be to also get that gay bandanna (yes, if a pirate wears that in most crews it means he's gay).

So they need more pirate items. Anything else, or support for my position?

Are there any kinds of avatar items you'd like to see?
Music items

How did the Great Awakening prepare America for independence?

2010-05-21T22:10:00.003-07:00

I have to answer one of these three questions

1.) How did the Great Awakening prepare America for independence?

2.) Describe England's moral condition in the 1700s.

3.) How did the Mayflower represent America?

please, answer one of these three questions with complete details

thank you.

How did the Great Awakening prepare America for independence?
Historians have debated whether the Awakening had a political impact on the American Revolution, which took place soon after. Heimert (1966) argues that Calvinism and Jonathan Edwards provided pre-Revolutionary America with a radical and democratic social and political ideology and that evangelical religion embodied and inspired a thrust toward American nationalism. Colonial Calvinism was the basis for the American Great Awakening and that in turn lay at the basis of the American Revolution. Heimert thus sees a major impact as the Great Awakening provided the radical American nationalism that prompted the Revolution. Awakening preachers sought to review God's covenant with America and to repudiate the materialistic, acquisitive, corrupt world of an affluent colonial society. The source of this corruption lay in England, and a severance of the ties with the mother country would result in a rededication of America to the making of God's Kingdom.
Reply:Answers to: -

1. The British assisted the Colonists to rid the French from NA and it cost the UK 500,000 pounds a year to maintain the British garrison to protect the Colonists. The Colonists wanted this, but didn't want to pay for it in taxes. Also Washington wanted a commission in the British Army %26amp; didn't get one; he spat the dummy out %26amp; wanted a fight.

2. The UK were at their best, but didn't expect treason from the Colonists, that they defended from the French!

3. The Pilgrims were persons who were discriminated in the UK for their religious beliefs!

If you want more I will be honoured to!

By the way, to stick to the Colonists, the UK gave "your so called traitor Benny Arnold" a commission in the BA; this was to stick it to GW!!!!!!

History help?

2010-05-21T22:10:00.002-07:00

please help any answer would do. thanks to all who answer

Why are the following important to american history?

Cahokia

Roanoke colony

John Smith

The mayflower

John White

Pochontas

Great Awakening

Boston tea party

Federalist papers

Whiskey rebellion

Bill of rights

Mionroe Doctrine

Impressment

Restoration colonies

I know its a lot, u do not have to answer all but just give me an idea on at least one of them thanks

History help?
John Smith helped settle jamestown

the mayflower was the boat that brought pilgrims over

pocahantas was part of chief powhatans tribe and supposedly she and john smith had some sort of relationship despite their age difference. pocahantas married another nglishmen though

the boston tea party was when sam adams and the sons of liberty threw tea off the british ships into boston harbor

whiskey rebellion was under washington

bill of rights is the first 10 amendments

monroe doctrine protected the americas from european invasion
Reply:sorry hon, not gonna happen. doesn't your textbook have a glossary? at the least you should be able to find all of them in the back of the book.
Reply:please do ur homework yourself
Reply:These are all important people and events that help create the U.S

gert

How do you read a coat of arms, is it possible?

2010-05-21T22:10:00.001-07:00

This is the coat of arms i mean

http://www3.sympatico.ca/tricrown/tricro...

what do the symbols dog feathers e.t.c represent

be grateful for any help

thanks :)

How do you read a coat of arms, is it possible?
This coat of arms is recorded in Burke's General Armory. Peppard (Cappagh House, County Limrick). Azure two bars or, the upper charged with three fleurs-de-lis, the under with as many marlets gules on a canton of the third a cinquefoil argent.

Crest: In front of three ostrich feathers argent and azure a greyhound courant proper. Motto: Virtute et valore.

You can find the meanings of the different colors and devices here: http://www.fleurdelis.com/meanings.htm

Example: the Greyhound is said to mean - Courage, vigilance, and loyalty. Azure (blue) means - Truth and loyalty. Cinquefoils are said to mean - Hope and joy. Those meanings seem reinforced by the motto.

Sometimes the meaning is just that the grantee or the herald liked the design.

There were other very similar arms granted earlier but they were granted to Peppard females who married and are carried by other surname lineages (one is Lea another Eustace).
Reply:I hope you understand that coats of arms do not belong to surnames.

They were and are granted to individuals and are passed down through the legitimate male line of descent. Actually, there might have been, for instance, 15 different men with the same surname, not all necessarily related, that were each granted their own coat of arms,all different, and some people with that same surname will not be entitled to a coat of arms at all. The peddlers that sell them on the internet, at shopping malls, at airports, in magazines or solicit by mail won't have all 15. They don't need to in order to sell to people. The only time they will have more than one is if more than one person from different national origins were granted one and in that case some peddlers will have one of each, when in fact there might have been several of each.

See the links below, one from the British College of Arms(they grant coats of arms and are the ultimate authority) and the other from the most prestigious genealogical organization in the U.S., The National Genealogical Society.

http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Faq.ht...

http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/comconsumerp...

The surname product business is probably one of the biggest scams around.
Reply:Here's a link to explain how

http://www.clan-duncan.co.uk/readarms.ht...
Reply:Virtue and Valour

Colours

blue - Loyalty and truth.

gold - Generosity

What you see as a dog could be a lion or a panther

Lion - Deathless courage.

Panther - As a lion may be said to signify a brave man, so may a panther a beautiful

woman, which, though fierce, is very tender and loving to her young, and will defend it

with the hazard of her life.

Feathers (usually ostrich) - Willing obedience and serenity

From http://www.digiserve.com/heraldry/symbol...
Reply:Beware, most coats of arms are fake.

Who do you love more, your fav Football team or Baseball team?

2010-05-21T22:10:00.000-07:00

i asked this in the baseball section %26amp; realized there are your Baseball fans %26amp; there are your football fans, very few people are on the fence, so here it is for you guys.

I love my Cubbies more than the Colts. but i think i like football more than baseball, am i strange? Who do YOU love more, your fav Baseball team or Football team?

I've been a Cubbies fan my whole life. growing up in Indiana we didn't have a MLB or NFL team. the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower in 1984 so the home state team grew on me over time %26amp; eventually i became a season ticket holder. i'm still a Bears fan %26amp; wasn't as excited as i wanted to be when the Colts beat Da Bears in XLI.

what's your story?

Who do you love more, your fav Football team or Baseball team?
I love my Broncos the most.

I love football with a passion.

To me football is just more exciting, and I get into it alot more.

I get excited when football is on.
Reply:Definitly love my football team more, even though neither teams hae actually won the superbowl or World Series. Chargers are closer to the Superbowl, they provide more excitement, and I enjoy the game of football more than baseball
Reply:definetely football...the games are always exciting, and in baseball there's always a chance that absolutely nothing will happen.
Reply:I am more of a football fan
Reply:I love my Packers more than my Brewers.

I was born and raised a Packer fan while they have been really good and consistent though when I was really young they weren't great but I never really Questioned them.

While the Brewers haven't been very good so a couple years ago I kinda made them my half favorite team with the Chicago Cubs while they have been good, and now they are both my favorite teams and I think that the Packers being my sole favorite team I've always liked them more.
Reply:Football
Reply:I totally support the Phillies but I can't sit down and watch again wothout being bored out of my mind. So I am absoloutley more of a fan of my Bucs than my Phillies.
Reply:FOOTBALL, FOOTBALL, FOOTBALL RULES!!!!!

Favorite team is the ravens, no baseball teams doesn't even come close. Oh Yeah, btw u should have stuck with the bears, and leave them sellout colts alone. They probably will sneak out on your home town when they won't get their way. I HATE THEM!!!!!!!!
Reply:Football team

GO BEARS!!!

You're 2 favorite teams facing each other in the Super Bowl, and your home team wins. I don't see why you weren't ecstatic about the Colts winning.

I was raised as a Bears fan and a Cubs fan, but I've always liked watching football more. It was a lot more exciting and entertaining than Baseball when i was growing up.
Reply:Heres my story...Baseball is the most boring sport ever and all of the players are roided up cheaters anyways.

Football is far better and more entertaining than baseball.

If youre going to compare football to another sport it should be hockey. Hockey may not be as popular in the U.S. as baseball or basketball but it should be. Hockey is way more physical and takes way more talent to play then both basketball and baseball. Nothing can compare to the excitement of an nfl or nhl playoff game or superbowl/stanley cup final series.
Reply:i've lived in Chicago or around chicago my entire life so i'm a BIG chicago sports fan i love the White Sox and I love the Bears

I kinda feel what you feel

I love the Sox more in I can never watch any other baseball game besides the Sox, but at the same time I love football much more than baseball

i've loved the White Sox for longer and i didn't like football until recently which might be a factor that plays in

i just feel in football i love watching it no matter what, but that I watch baseball for the White Sox ....its kinda hard to explain, but without a doubt I love both teams

what I don't understand is being from Indiana how you could not have been extremly excited to see your team win....Indiana is sorta me second favorite sport state so I like the Colts, but there was no chance I wanted them to beat the Bears in SB XLI
Reply:Easy since I do not watch baseball the Cowboys.
Reply:Definitely more into Baseball !!
Reply:Baseball

GO SOX!!!!!!

but i do like the cowboys,... just not as much as my sox
Reply:I have liked the NY Mets longer then i have been a Falcons fan, but i just love football. I love rooting for the Falcons and going to their games. Also, football is always action and it never stops.
Reply:I'm a Packers fan foremost because of Favre and the rich history they have and, since the Royals have been horrible the last few years, it's hard to get behind them.
Reply:Thats a tough one, I've been a fan of the Chiefs and Royals my entire life. I guess my answer would be that I love the Chiefs more though, because if I was told I could only root for one or the other I would choose the Chiefs.
Reply:Hands down my football even though, when I first got into sports I started watching baseball because of school . But man once I went to my first football game. I was hooked line and sunk. I still love baseball no doubt, just like mom's apple pie, but its the constant action in football that i love.
Reply:i like the Green Bay Packers more than the Milwaukee Brewers even though i was raised to like both, i just caught on to football more. It just has more excitement than Baseball in my opinion. But I will always be fans of both but the Packers just a little bit.
Reply:I love the Tigers more than the Lions
Reply:I love the chargers and football more than I do the Angels. Ever since I the great dan fouts, kelen winslow, and charlie joiner
Reply:Ohh, that's a close one

I guesse football

Packers more than the Cardinals

It's close though
Reply:I love the Packers more than the White Sox. I love football more than baseball.

SOCiAL STUDIES TIMELINE; [NOT THAT HARD]?

2010-05-21T22:09:00.002-07:00

can anyone get SOME[not all] of the dates for theese events.

Magna carta - 1215

Parliament

The glorious revolution ( English bill of rights)

The mayflower compact

Virginia : house of Burgesses

Pennsylvania general assembly

Rodger Williams separation of church and state

Toleration acts

The great awakening

The enlightenment

Locke “natural rights”

Hobbs representative gov.

Rousseau

Montesquieu

Albany plan of union

Iroquis great law of peace

Articles of confederation

Declaration of independence

Constitution

The continental congress ( 2 or all of them not sure)

The bill of rights

Common sence Thomas paine

Committees of correspondence

Federalist papers and anti federalists

Printing press

Suffolk resolves

THANK YOU! [=

once again

you dont have to find all of them

SOCiAL STUDIES TIMELINE; [NOT THAT HARD]?
I'm gonna agree with BA girl...

if it's not that hard.. you can do it yourself. surely if you have enough time to type all those onto yahoo answers you could have googled them...

lazy lazy lazyyy
Reply:If its not that hard, then why can't you do it?

look it up in your book.
Reply:declaration of independence = July 4, 1776

U.S. Constitution = 1786 (?)

Articles of Conferderation = 1783
Reply:I did this about 10 years ago. Tell you what, you write a trial brief for me and I'll do this for you.
Reply:try to google search each one......most times the first answer tells the year each were done or created
Reply:Declaration of Independence - 1776

Bill of rights - 1689

Locke "natural rights" - Late 18th century

Consitution - framed in 1787

Mayflower compact - I believe it was 1620

Printing Press - i believe 1440

Articles of confederation - 1781-1789

Federalist papers - published between 1787 and 1789

The Great Awakining - 1st between 1730's and 1770

Hope these helped

8th grade social studies!!!?

2010-05-21T22:09:00.001-07:00

can u put these words into historically corect sentances please??

irrigation system

isolationism

jim crow laws

judicial branch

judicial reveiw

labor unions

land bridge

legislative branch

longhouse

mayflower compact

merchantilism

missouri compromise

monroe doctrine

muckrakers

8th grade social studies!!!?
no one wants to do this, let alone people who dont have to...

but i can assure you, to google a keyword and sentences will pop up like the drop of a hat, i promise.

[btw: this class sucked for me too]
Reply:umm..sorry to say this but i dont know how to do that. sorry tho good luck =]
Reply:muck...

i gave up

sorry

ada

Need a name (show & barn)?

2010-05-21T22:09:00.000-07:00

just bought my own horse (finally!) from a rescue. 2 y/o QH filly, chestnut with a white blaze. pic at http://www.ac4h.com/Phyllis.htm

nothing wrong with her name just she's getting a new chance and a new life i would like her to have a new name (i don't think it quite suits her as is) - any suggestions??

some i have come up with are:

southern belle (NOT after Eight Belles)

wishing star

northern star

mayflower

junebug

pretty little junebug

all that jazz

jazzy lady

beauty from ashes

peek-a-boo gal

little ladybug

anybody have any other ideas? i saw someone had posted a website with horse names but i can't access the website....

Need a name (show %26amp; barn)?
For some reason, I like the name;

'Tigerlily' for a barn name, and

'Armful of Tigerlilies' for a show name.

Hope I helped! Good luck!
Reply:Pretty Little Lady

--Lady--

Star Catcher

--Star--

It Takes Two To Tango

--Tango--

Fancy Footwork

--Fancy--

www.freewebs.com/horse-show-names/othe...

www.the-horse-site.com/horse-name/

www.moniteausaddleclub.com/horse_names...
Reply:lol i know this is a stinky name but its sooo fun to say-

nutter butter

ruby(show- ruby tuesday)

lily

my fair lady
Reply:Blazing Star

Autumn Breeze

Stormy Rain
Reply:I think you should name it "Joy" and if you need a show name, name her "Jump for Joy" It's the best name for a horse that beautiful
Reply:I love the name Laddie

And she is a very lovely horse but the way!
Reply:Majestic Rose (Either Majesty or Rose for short)

( Your name)'s Little Lady (Lady)

***I love Pretty Little Junebug that is so cute****

She looked so skinny when you got her, she looks so good now nice and furry LOL. Thank you for having the heart to adopt a horse they all need loving homes. Good luck on your name hunt.
Reply:I would go with Southern Belle and call her Belle for short.
Reply:if you are thinking of show names...there is many cute ones but we need the sires and dams names to figure some out.

but here are some cute ones i have herd of but not used:

-cool yur cookies

-skips ahoy

-to hot to trot

-all fancied up

-slightly designed

-slightly cooled

-terrificaly fine

those r just some (sorry for my spelling)

if you are just wanting a barn name then i would go with some human names..how would you feel if your names was northern star?

-lilly

-betty

-jackie

-miley

-faith

-monique

-wilma

-zoey

-hannah

-lou-lou

-vanity

-annie

-keebler

-dotty

-molly

good luck!!!
Reply:Southern Belle is nice..

here are some others:

Candy Apple- Candy

Little Belle- Belle

Belle Girl- Belle

Bella Beauty or Belle beauty- Beauty, Belle or Bella

Moon Shadow- Shadow or Moony

Lil Chestnut filly- Chessy or Filly

Chessy girl- Chessy

My Jess girl- Jessy

Jessy flower- Jessy

My Chestnut Flower- Flower, Chessy or ....

Shooting star- Star

Starlight- Star

Star Shadow- Star or Shadow

Brownies and Milk- Brownie

Starlight Star Bright- Star or Starlight

Baby Girl- Baby

Baby Belle- Belle or Baby

Desert Dawn- Dawn

In The Wind- Wind

Rusty girl- Rusty

Rebel Lady- Lady

Morning Glory- Glory

Roamin Rebel- Rebel

Bitty Babe- Bitty or Baby

Light Foot- ......

Montana's Pride- Montana

Pretty lil Phylly- Phyllis or Phylly

Btw very pretty pony she looks like shes got alot of potential!!

and yay for rescue ponys...good job!!!
Reply:i like beauty from ashes

beauty or ashes for short

and northern (star)
Reply:I like Junebug.

For some reason, "Sweet Nothings" popped into my head, too.
Reply:Hmm. Well here are a few I came up with

Bellefire

Sweetpea

Winnie

Blazing berry

Rosy blue

Bumble bee

Candy apple

OR..

Here is a web site you can go to with all kinds of horse names!

http://www.horses-and-horse-information....

GOOD LUCK!
Reply:Barn Names: Blaze, Lady, Cheyanne, Lilly, Lassie, May, Missy, Mersea, Faith, Tutti, Angel, Halo, Alicia.

Show Names: Blazing Beauty, Lady Like, Cheyanne River, Lilly White, Little Lassie, Miss May, Missy So Prissy, Have Mersea, Leap Of Faith, Tutti Frutti, Amazing Angel, Heavenly Halo, Alright Alicia.

American govermeant; help me PLEASE and THANK YOU. so much:]?

2010-05-21T22:08:00.003-07:00

2. Signed by the Pilgrims in 1620, this item was the first American government document.

A. Constitution

B. Mayflower Compact

C. Petition of Rights

D. Magna Carta

15. The right of the president to refuse to testify before Congress or a court is called

A. executive privilege.

B. executive mandate.

C. executive orders.

D. de facto.

American govermeant; help me PLEASE and THANK YOU. so much:]?
Mayflower compact

2 Executive Privilege
Reply:1) B http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_C...

2) A http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_p...
Reply:uHHHHHH

2. B. Mayflower

15. Maybe A.

I'm pretty sure about number 2. Number 15 is a guess...I am pretty good at that...so that answer is 85% right (I think)
Reply:Okay, I may be a bit rusty, but i believe that the first answer is B.

The second answer should be A, but I'm not 100% positive.
Reply:2.

B

im not sure for the 15 one but i think its B or C

hope this helps
Reply:Do we get credit for doing your homework?
Reply:b,a
Reply:b, a

Over writting?

2010-05-21T22:08:00.002-07:00

Okay, so we're doing a report on a famous dead person. I know sooo much about the mayflower pilgrims, so I'm doing William Brewster. Problem: I'm only in his early life and already have over two pages. At tis rate, when I'm done it'll be around 10-15. The teacher told us the max. amount of pages was 3 1/2. What do I do? I don't wanna cut stuff out...I really wanna show everyone what I know.

Over writting?
neglect the minor details. famous dead people somehow have a lot of minor details listed about them. (wonder y.. hehe)

put all the extra info into another folder and submit it for a bonus.

ur lucky by the way cuz a few months back i had a 15 page assignment to submit on Alexander the Great. at 5 pages i was finalizing it! then i had to put in details..

gluck
Reply:Just try to write more concise sentences. Don't put so much detail into everything. Just get the MAJOR points across and you will be fine =]
Reply:just try to sum it up to make it shorter with out taking stuff out!
Reply:oh ya well your face

Basic Review Questions, social studies.?

2010-05-21T22:08:00.001-07:00

1. Which action toward Native American Indians did the U.S. gov. take between 1820 and 1840?

(1) paying Native American Indians a fair price for their land

(2) passing a law giving all Native American Indians U.S citizenship

(3) encouraging Native American Indians to take jobs in factories

(4) removing Native American Indians from their tribal lands and placing them on reservations

2. The case Marbury v. Madison was a landmark Supreme Court decision because it

(1) established the power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

(2) increased the power of the Fereralists in the legislative branch

(3) resulted in an increase in the number of Supreme Court justices

(4) reinforced the power of the president as commander in chief

3. What was the main purpose of the Mayflower?

(1) to establish freedom of religion in the colony

(2) to ensure obedience to the kind of England

(3) to provide a new chance for debtors and criminals

(4) to create a gov. that would benefit the colony

Basic Review Questions, social studies.?
1) 4 (the US murdered them also)

2) 1

3) 4
Reply:Number 3 is:

1. To establish freedom of religion in the colony
Reply:4

1 ( i think)

4

addis

Americans westward movement?

2010-05-21T22:08:00.000-07:00

1. Why did Richard Henderson ask Daniel Boone to talk to the Cherokee chiefs?

2. Did the Cherokee leaders have the right to sell the land? Why or why not?

3. In 1755, what were the difficulties in making road? Is it harder or easier today? Explain why.

4. In the west, it was more important to be able to solve problems than to be form an important family. Which do you think was more important in the big cities of the east? why?

5. What do you think Lewis and Clark did when someone got sick when they were traveling?

6. Could Lewis and Clark have made the expedition without the help of the Indians? Why or why not?

7. Why didn't people go west during the war?

8. Why was Lewis and Clark's expedition important?

9. How were the rules for the wagon train like the Mayflower Compact? Do you think people always followed the rules?

10. Why do you think pioneers called their wagons Prairie Schooners?

Americans westward movement?
You are not going to like my answer, however, how can you learn to research and understand the themes of these questions without doing the research yourself. Number one, this is an extensive list of facts that you expect someone to answer for you. If you are able to type this questionnaire then you are capable of doing the same with each question yourself and find the answer.

gatita_63109
Reply:All of your answers for this assignment and any other homework can be found at this website: http://www.google.com/ Simply type in the key terms to each question and enjoy your learning experience.

What happened first?

2010-05-21T22:07:00.003-07:00

1. passengers on the ship the mayflower signed a compact (agreement) to form a government. or 2. the mayland assembly passed the toleration act.

What happened first?
Gads!

Maryland did not even have an assembly when the Mayflower Compact was signed.
Reply:The Mayflower Compact was signed in 1620.

the Maryland General Assembly passed the historic Toleration Act of Maryland in 1649.

HISTORY HELP PLZ! I rly need help with these its due tomarrow! plz!?

2010-05-21T22:07:00.002-07:00

1.In England, people associate the acceptance of their Bill of Rights with the reign of..

3.The purpose of the British Declaratory Act of 1766 was to..

4.Which one of the following provisions was part of the first draft of the Articles of Confederation submitted to the Second Continental Congress?

5.Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding the Mayflower Compact?

6.Suppose you work for a government agency that regulates the buying and selling in the country. Which main purpose of government is your agency serving?

7.If you had come to America to practice your Quaker religious beliefs, chances are you would have settled in..

8.Concerned about the Catholic minority in Maryland, Leonard Calvert ordered the Second Lord Baltimore to..

HISTORY HELP PLZ! I rly need help with these its due tomarrow! plz!?
OK... You should be doing the work yourself, otherwise you're not learning... quick guide to getting the answer... read the material... you can also search the index in the back of the text, find the page number that the topic is found on, and read that section to get your answer...
Reply:Looks like you better get busy then . . .

OK, I'm going to give you the first one, then you're on your own.

The original bill of rights in 1689 led to the ascension of William and Mary to the throne (they were joint monarchs).
Reply:sorry no cluee..

I need some websites on what people took on the ship when traveling to the New World?

2010-05-21T22:07:00.001-07:00

I am woking on a project and in need of websites that tell what people took on board when they left their homeland (europe) in the 1600's.

An example would include the mayflower or more specifically the crew that left to establish jamestown

I need some websites on what people took on the ship when traveling to the New World?
The most important items were tools made of metal. Clothing probably came next. They also brought trinkets to trade with the natives, but the natives greatly preferred tools: axes and so on.

There's a great book, "Jamestown" that I recommend highly.

larry

Can you help me with this Colonial Quiz HW?

2010-05-21T22:07:00.000-07:00

You have to match the phrases with the correct colony.

1.Named after Lord De La Warr

2.James Oglethrope and debator's prisons

3.the Mayflower Compact

4.Roger Williams and other Rebels

5. Colony run by Catholics

6.pirate Anne Bonney

7. John Rolfe and Pocahontas

8. the patron system

9 Penn's Woods

10.Charleston the buisest port in the South

11.Revrend Thomas Hooker

12.Samoset helped the pilgrims

13.originally part of Pennsylvania

14.The toleration Act

15.many of the leaders from Barbados

16.Quackers and brotherly love

17.named after King George II

18.Salem witch trials

19.Peter Minuit's Land deal

20.named after the county in England

Can you help me with this Colonial Quiz HW?
19-Manhatten Island for 24 dollars worth of trinkets.

17-Georgia

5-Maryland
Reply:1. Delaware

2. Georgia

9. Pennsylvania

10. West Virginia (I think? Not sure)

18. Massachusetts
Reply:1 - Delaware

3 - MAssachussets

4 - Rhode Island

5 - Maryland

7 - Virginia

9 - Pennsylvania

10 South Carolina

13 - Probably New Jersey

16 - Pennsylvania

17 Georgia

18 Mass

20 - New York
Reply:1- delaware

2 - georgia

3 - massachusetts

4 rhode island

5 maryland

6 south carolina

7 virginia

8 new york

9 pennsylvania

10 south carolina

11 connecticut

12 massachusetts

13 delaware

14 maryland

15 south carolina

16 pennsylvania

17 georgia

18 massachusetts

19 new york

20 new hampshire

The First Written Constitution in america was the ?

2010-05-21T22:06:00.001-07:00

A. Bill Of Rights B, Mayflower Compact C. Articles of Confederation D. Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut

The First Written Constitution in america was the ?
technically the fundamental orders, but, the compact was the first written agreement, and is significant since it was the first written step towards representative government in America, am I doing your history homework for you?
Reply:D. FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT Report It

Reply:He who will not work, will not eat.

Jamestown

Either John Smith or Miles Standish... never can remember which one...
Reply:The answer is D or thats atlest what i got. i take it your doing pennfoster online highschool as well? im doing the american history unit right now.

What was the first paper written by the Government ?

2010-05-21T22:06:00.000-07:00

A.Constitution

B.Mayflower Compact

C.Articles of Confederation

What was the first paper written by the Government ?
what govt?
Reply:A-idunno